Method for increasing the efficiency of double-strand break-induced mutagenesis

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell, thereby giving new tools for genome engineering, including therapeutic applications and cell line engineering. More specifically, the present invention concerns a method for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest, leading to a loss of genetic information and preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ. The present invention also relates to engineered endonucleases, chimeric or not, vectors, compositions and kits used to implement this method.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Applications U.S. 61/407,339, filed Oct. 27, 2010, U.S. 61/472,072, filed Apr. 5, 2011 and U.S. 61/505,783, filed Jul. 8, 2011; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell, thereby providing new tools for genome engineering, including therapeutic applications and cell line engineering. More specifically, the present invention concerns a method for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest, leading to a loss of genetic information and preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ (non-homologous end joining). The present invention also relates to engineered endonucleases, chimeric or not, vectors, compositions and kits used to implement this method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Mammalian genomes constantly suffer from various types of damage of which double-strand breaks (DSB) are considered the most dangerous (Haber 2000). For example, DSBs can arise when the replication fork encounters a nick or when ionizing radiation particles create clusters of reactive oxygen species along their path. These reactive oxygen species may in turn themselves cause DSBs. For cultured mammalian cells that are dividing, 5-10% appear to have at least one chromosomal break (or chromatid gap) at any one time (Lieber and Karanjawala 2004). Hence, the need to repair DSBs arises commonly (Li, Vogel et al. 2007) and is critical for cell survival (Haber 2000). Failure to correct or incorrect repair can result in deleterious genomic rearrangements, cell cycle arrest, and/or cell death.

Repair of DSBs can occur through diverse mechanisms that can depend on cellular context. Repair via homologous recombination, the most accurate process, is able to restore the original sequence at the break. Because of its strict dependence on extensive sequence homology, this mechanism is suggested to be active mainly during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle where the sister chromatids are in close proximity (Sonoda, Hochegger et al. 2006). Single-strand annealing is another homology-dependent process that can repair a DSB between direct repeats and thereby promotes deletions (Paques and Haber 1999). Finally, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of DNA is a major pathway for the repair of DSBs because it can function throughout the cell cycle and because it does not require a homologous chromosome (Moore and Haber 1996).

NHEJ comprises at least two different processes (Feldmann, Schmiemann et al. 2000). The main and best characterized mechanism involves rejoining of what remains of the two DNA ends through direct re-ligation (Critchlow and Jackson 1998) or via the so-called microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) (Ma, Kim et al. 2003). Although perfect re-ligation of the broken ends is probably the most frequent event, it could be accompanied by the loss or gain of several nucleotides.

Like most DNA repair processes, there are three enzymatic activities required for repair of DSBs by the NHEJ pathway: (i) nucleases to remove damaged DNA, (ii) polymerases to aid in the repair, and (iii) a ligase to restore the phosphodiester backbone. Depending on the nature of the DNA ends, DNA can be simply re-ligated or terminal nucleotides can be modified or removed by inherent enzymatic activities, such as phosphokinases and exo-nucleases. Missing nucleotides can also be added by polymerase μ or λ. In addition, an alternative or so-called back-up pathway has been described that does not depend on ligase IV and Ku components and has been involved in class switching and V(D)J recombination (Ma, Kim et al. 2003). Overall, NHEJ can be viewed as a flexible pathway for which the unique goal is to restore the chromosomal integrity, even at the cost of excision or insertion of nucleotide(s).

DNA repair can be triggered by both physical and chemical means. Several chemicals are known to cause DNA lesions and are used routinely. Radiomimetic agents, for example, work through free-radical attack on the sugar moieties of DNA (Povirk 1996). A second group of drugs that induce DNA damage includes inhibitors of topoisomerase I (TopoI) and II (TopoII) (Burden and N. 1998; Teicher 2008). Other classes of chemicals bind covalently to the DNA and form bulky adducts that are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system (Nouspikel 2009). Chemicals inducing DNA damage have a diverse range of applications, however, although certain agents are more commonly applied in studying a particular repair pathway (e.g., cross-linking agents are favored for NER studies), most drugs simultaneously provoke a variety of lesions (Nagy and Soutoglou 2009). Furthermore, the overall yield of induced mutations using these classical strategies is quite low, and the DNA damage leading to mutagenesis cannot be targeted to a precise genomic DNA sequence.

The most widely used site-directed mutagenesis strategy is gene targeting (GT) via homologous recombination (HR). Efficient GT procedures in yeast and mouse have been available for more than 20 years (Capecchi 1989; Rothstein 1991). Successful GT has also been achieved in Arabidopsis and rice plants (Hanin, Volrath et al. 2001) (Terada, Urawa et al. 2002; Endo, Osakabe et al. 2006; Endo, Osakabe et al. 2007). Typically, GT events occur in a fairly small population of treated mammalian cells and is extremely low in higher plant cells, ranging between 0.01-0.1% of the total number of random integration events (Terada, Johzuka-Hisatomi et al. 2007). The low GT frequencies reported in various organisms are thought to result from competition between HR and NHEJ for repair of DSBs. As a consequence, the ends of a donor molecule are likely to be joined by NHEJ rather than participating in HR, thus reducing GT frequency. There are extensive data indicating that DSB repair by NHEJ is error-prone due to end-joining processes that generate insertions and/or deletions (Britt 1999). Thus, these NHEJ-based strategies might be more effective than HR-based strategies for targeted mutagenesis into cells.

Expression of I-SceI, a rare cutting endonuclease, has been shown to introduce mutations at I-SceI cleavage sites in Arabidopsis and tobacco (Kirik, Salomon et al. 2000). However, the use of endonucleases is limited to rarely occurring natural recognition sites or to artificially introduced target sites. To overcome this problem, meganucleases with engineered specificity towards a chosen sequence have been developed. Meganucleases show high specificity to their DNA target. These proteins being able to cleave a unique chromosomal sequence and therefore do not affect global genome integrity. Natural meganucleases are essentially represented by homing endonucleases, a widespread class of proteins found in eukaryotes, bacteria and archae (Chevalier and Stoddard 2001). Early studies of the I-SceI and HO homing endonucleases illustrated how the cleavage activity of these proteins can be used to initiate HR events in living cells and demonstrated the recombinogenic properties of chromosomal DSBs (Dujon, Colleaux et al. 1986; Haber 1995). Since then, meganuclease-induced HR has been successfully used for genome engineering purposes in bacteria (Posfai, Kolisnychenko et al. 1999), mammalian cells (Sargent, Brenneman et al. 1997; Cohen-Tannoudji, Robine et al. 1998; Donoho, Jasin et al. 1998), mice (Gouble, Smith et al. 2006) and plants (Puchta, Dujon et al. 1996; Siebert and Puchta 2002). Meganucleases have emerged as scaffolds of choice for deriving genome engineering tools cutting a desired target sequence (Paques and Duchateau 2007).

Combinatorial assembly processes allowing for the engineering of meganucleases with modified specificities have been described by Arnould et al. (Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Arnould, Perez et al. 2007); Smith et al. (Smith, Grizot et al. 2006), Grizot et al. (Grizot, Smith et al. 2009). Briefly, these processes rely on the identification of locally engineered variants with a substrate specificity that differs from that of the wild-type meganuclease by only a few nucleotides. Another type of specific nucleases are the so-called Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). ZFNs are chimeric proteins composed of a synthetic zinc-finger-based DNA binding domain fused to a DNA cleavage domain. By modification of the zinc-finger DNA binding domain, ZFNs can be specifically designed to cleave virtually any long stretch of dsDNA sequence (Kim, Cha et al. 1996; Cathomen and Joung 2008). A NHEJ-based targeted mutagenesis strategy was recently developed for several organisms by using synthetic ZFNs to generate DSBs at specific genomic sites (Lloyd, Plaisier et al. 2005; Beumer, Trautman et al. 2008; Doyon, McCammon et al. 2008; Meng, Noyes et al. 2008). Subsequent repair of the DSBs by NHEJ frequently produces deletions and/or insertions at the joining site. For example, in zebrafish embryos the injection of mRNA coding for engineered ZFNs led to animals carrying the desired heritable mutations (Doyon, McCammon et al. 2008). In plants, similar NHEJ-based targeted mutagenesis has also been successfully applied (Lloyd, Plaisier et al. 2005). Although these powerful tools are available, there is still a need to further improve double-strand break-induced mutagenesis.

The inventors have developed a new approach to increase the efficiency of targeted DSB-induced mutagenesis and have created a new type of meganucleases comprising several catalytic domains to implement this new approach. These novel enzymes allow a DNA cleavage that will lead to the loss of genetic information and any NHEJ pathway will produce targeted mutagenesis.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one of its embodiments, the present invention relates to a method for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell, thereby giving new tools for genome engineering, including therapeutic applications and cell line engineering. More specifically, in a first aspect, the present invention concerns a method for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest, leading to a loss of genetic information and preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ.

In a second aspect, the present invention relates to engineered enzymes and more particularly to chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases able to target a DNA sequence within a genomic locus of interest to generate at least one DNA double-strand break and a loss of genetic information around said DNA sequence thus preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ.

In a third aspect, the present invention concerns a method for the generation of at least two-nearby DNA double-strand breaks at a genomic locus of interest to prevent any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to engineered enzymes and more particularly to engineered rare-cutting endonucleases, chimeric or not, able to target a DNA sequence within a genomic locus of interest to generate at said locus of interest at least two-nearby DNA double-strand breaks leading to at least the removal of a DNA fragment and thus preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ. In a fifth aspect, the present invention describes a method to identify at a genomic locus of interest a DNA target sequence cleavable at least twice by a fusion protein leading at least to a loss of genetic information and preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention relates to fusion proteins able to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into a genomic locus of interest comprising one DNA target sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease nearby one DNA target sequence cleavable by one frequent-cutting endonuclease.

The present invention also relates to specific vectors, compositions and kits used to implement this method.

The above objects highlight certain aspects of the invention. Additional objects, aspects and embodiments of the invention are found in the following detailed description of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In addition to the preceding features, the invention further comprises other features which will emerge from the description which follows, as well as to the appended drawings. A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following Figures in conjunction with the detailed description below.

FIG. 1: Elimination of an intervening sequence enhances DSB-induced mutagenesis. The 22 bp DNA sequences recognized by D21m (or D21) and R1m (or R21), respectively, are introduced into a plasmid. A 10-bp intervening sequence is cloned between the two recognition sequences to avoid steric hindrance upon meganuclease binding. Introduction of the target plasmid within a cell, together with plasmids expressing the meganucleases D21m and R1m, results in the simultaneous cleavage of the two target sites. The intervening fragment comprising the 10-bp sequence surrounded by half of each target site is excised. Subsequent NHEJ, either via re-ligation of compatible or incompatible DNA ends, leads to mutagenic events since genetic information was lost.

FIG. 2: Schematic representation of the analyses performed to detect DSB-induced mutations. HEK293 cells are simultaneously transfected with target plasmid and either one or two different meganuclease expressing plasmids. DNA is extracted two days post transfection and specific PCR is performed. PCR products are analyzed using deep sequencing technology (454, Roche). Alternatively, a mutation detection assay (Transgenomic, Inc. USA) is performed. PCR product from untreated cells is mixed (equimolar) with PCR products treated with the meganucleases. The melting/annealing step generates heteroduplex DNA, recognized and cleaved by the CEL-1 enzyme. After digestion, DNA bands are resolved on an analytic gel and each band is quantified by densitometry.

FIG. 3: Sequence of the target DNA recognized by I-CreI. C1221 represents a palindromic DNA sequence recognized and cleaved by the I-CreI meganuclease. Nucleotides are numbered outward (−/+) from the center of the target. Nucleotides at positions −2 to +2 do not directly contact the protein but rather interfere with the cleavage activity of the protein. The table represents a subset of the tested targets with nucleotide substitution at positions −2 to +2. The binding and cleavage activity of I-CreI on the target is indicated (++, strong, +, good, +/−, weak; −, no activity). Activities were determined in vitro.

FIG. 4: Strategies to enhance DSB-induced mutagenesis. Loss of genetic information can be obtained by one or any variations of the following described strategies as illustrating examples (slight vertical lanes indicate specific DNA recognition domains):—simultaneous DSBs generated by two different specific rare-cutting endonucleases (A);—chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases with two endonucleases catalytic domains (bi-functional) (B);—chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases with one DNA-binding domain and two endonucleases catalytic domains (bi-functional) (C);—fusion protein between a rare-cutting endonuclease, a endonuclease catalytic domain and a frequent-cutting endonuclease (multi-functional) (D);—chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases with one exonuclease catalytic domains capable to process DNA ends (bi-functional) (E).

FIG. 5: Effect of Trex2 expression on SC_GS-induced mutagenic DSB repair. A: Percentage of GFP+ cells induced on NHEJ model after transfection of SC_GS (SEQ ID NO: 153) with empty vector (SEQ ID NO: 175) or with increasing amount of Trex2 expression vector (SEQ ID NO: 154). B: Percentage of mutagenesis (insertions and deletions) detected in the vicinity of the GS_CHO1 target present on the NHEJ model induced by either SC_GS (SEQ ID NO: 153) with empty vector (SEQ ID NO: 175) or with two different doses of Trex2 encoding vector (SEQ ID NO: 154). C: Percentage of events corresponding to a deletion of 2 (del2), 3 (del3) or 4 (del4) nucleotides at the end of double strand break generated by SC_GS (corresponding to the lost of the 3′ overhang), other correspond to any other mutagenic NHEJ events detected.

FIG. 6: Effect of Trex2 expression on the nature of deletions induced by different engineered meganucleases.

Size of deletion events were analyzed and the frequency of indicated deletion among all deletion events were calculated after treatment with meganucleases SC_RAG1 (SEQ ID NO: 58 encoded by plasmid pCLS2222, SEQ ID NO: 156), SC_XPC4 (SEQ ID NO: 190 encoded by pCLS2510, SEQ ID NO: 157) and SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 192 encoded by pCLS6163, SEQ ID NO: 158) only (grey histogram) or with Trex2 (SEQ ID NO: 194 encoded by pCLS7673, SEQ ID NO: 154) (black histogram).

FIG. 7: plasmid for SC_GS and SC_GS and Trex2 fusion expression

All fusion constructs were cloned in pCLS1853 (SEQ ID NO: 175), driving their expression by a CMV promoter.

FIG. 8: SSA activity of SC_GS and SC_GS-fused to Trex2.

CHO-K1 cells were co-transfected with the plasmid measuring SSA activity containing the GS_CHO1.1 target and an increasing amounts of SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153), SC_GS-5-Trex2 (pCLS8082, SEQ ID NO: 186), SC_GS-10-Trex2 (pCLS8052, SEQ ID NO: 187), Trex2-5-SC_GS (pCLS8053, SEQ ID NO: 188) or Trex2-10-SC_GS (pCLS8054, SEQ ID NO: 153). Beta-galactosidase activity was detected 72 h after transfection using ONPG and 420 nm optical density detection. The entire process was performed on an automated Velocity 11 BioCel platform.

FIG. 9: Effect of SC_GS fused to Trex2 on mutagenic DSB repair

A: Percentage of GFP+ cells induced on NHEJ model 3 or 4 days after transfection with increasing dose of either SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153), SC_GS-5-Trex2 (pCLS8082, SEQ ID NO: 186), SC_GS-10-Trex2 (pCLS8052, SEQ ID NO: 187), Trex2-5-SC_GS (pCLS8053, SEQ ID NO: 188) or Trex2-10-SC_GS (pCLS8054, SEQ ID NO: 189).

B: Deep-sequencing analysis of deletion events induced by 1 or 6 μg of SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) or Trex2-10-SC_GS (pCLS8054, SEQ ID NO: 189). C: Percentage of deletion events corresponding to a deletion of 2 (del2), 3 (del3) or 4 (del4) nucleotides at the end of double strand break generated by 1 or 6 μg of SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) or Trex2-10-SC_GS (pCLS8054, SEQ ID NO: 189), other correspond to any other deletions events detected.

FIG. 10: Effect of Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 197) fusion on targeted mutagenesis in 293H cell line

Panel A: Percentage of Targeted Mutagenesis [TM] obtained in 293H cell line transfected with SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 192) or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 197).

Panel B: Nature of Targeted Mutagenesis obtained in 293H cell line transfected with SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 192) or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 197). Del2, Del3 and Del4 correspond to 2, 3 and 4 base pairs deletion events at the cleavage site of CAPNS1. “Other” represents all other TM events.

FIG. 11: Effect of Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 197) fusion on targeted mutagenesis in 29311 cell line

Panel A: Percentage of Targeted Mutagenesis obtained in Detroit551 cell line transfected with SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 192) or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 197).

Panel B: Nature of Targeted Mutagenesis obtained in Detroit551 cell line transfected with SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 192) or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 197). Del2, Del3 and Del4 correspond to 2, 3 and 4 base pairs deletion events at the cleavage site of CAPNS1. “Other” represents all other TM events.

FIG. 12: Effect of Tdt expression on targeted mutagenesis in cell line monitoring NHEJ.

Panel A: Percentage of GFP+ cells induced on NHEJ model after co-transfection of 1 μg or 3 μg of SC_GS expressing plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 153) and with either an increasing amount of Tdt expression vector (SEQ ID NO: 153) or with 2 μg of Tdt expressing plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 153), respectively.

Panel B: Percentage of targeted mutagenesis detected by deep sequencing in the vicinity of the GS_CHO1 DNA target present on the NHEJ model, induced by either SC_GS with empty vector or with 2 μg of Tdt encoding vector.

Panel C: Percentage of insertion events within targeted mutagenesis events after co-transfection of the NHEJ model by 3 μg of SC_GS expressing vector with 2 μg of an empty vector or with 2 μg of Tdt encoding plasmid.

Panel D: Percentage of insertion events in function of their size in presence (TDT) or absence (empty) of Tdt.

FIG. 13: Effect of Tdt expression on targeted mutagenesis induced by SC_RAG1 (SEQ ID NO: 58) at endogenous RAG1 locus

Panel A: Percentage of targeted mutagenesis detected by deep sequencing in the vicinity of the SC_RAG1 target induced by co-transfection of 3 μg of SC_RAG1 encoding vector (SEQ ID NO: 156) with different amount of Tdt encoding vector (SEQ ID NO: 202) in 5 μg of total DNA (left part) or in 10 μg of total DNA (right part).

Panel B: Percentage of insertion events within targeted mutagenesis events after co-transfection of 3 μg of SC_RAG1 encoding vector (SEQ ID NO: 156) with different amount of Tdt encoding vector (SEQ ID NO: 202) in 5 μg of total DNA (left part) or in 10 μg of total DNA (right part).

Panel C: Percentage of insertion events in function of their size at endogenous RAG1 locus after co-transfection of 3 μg of SC_RAG1 encoding vector (SEQ ID NO: 156) with different amounts of Tdt encoding vector (SEQ ID NO: 202) in 5 μg of total DNA (left part) or in 10 μg of total DNA (right part).

FIG. 14: Effect of Tdt expression on targeted mutagenesis induced by SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 192) at endogenous CAPNS1 locus

Panel A: Percentage of targeted mutagenesis detected by deep sequencing in the vicinity of the SC_CAPNS1 target induced by co-transfection of 1 μg of SC_CAPNS1 expressing vector (SEQ ID NO: 158) with 2 μg of Tdt encoding plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 202).

Panel B: Percentage of insertion events within targeted mutagenesis events after co-transfection of 3 μg of SC_CAPNS1 expressing vector (SEQ ID NO: 158) with 2 μg of Tdt encoding plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 202).

Panel C: Percentage of insertion events in function of their size at CAPNS1 locus after co-transfection of 3 μg of SC_CAPNS1 expressing vector (SEQ ID NO: 158) with 2 μg of Tdt encoding plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 202).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless specifically defined herein below, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a skilled artisan in the fields of gene therapy, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology.

All methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, with suitable methods and materials being described herein. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. Further, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise specified.

The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Frederick M. AUSUBEL, 2000, Wiley and son Inc, Library of Congress, USA); Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, (Sambrook et al, 2001, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed., 1984); Mullis et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Harries & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription And Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Culture Of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the series, Methods In ENZYMOLOGY (J. Abelson and M. Simon, eds.-in-chief, Academic Press, Inc., New York), specifically, Vols. 154 and 155 (Wu et al. eds.) and Vol. 185, “Gene Expression Technology” (D. Goeddel, ed.); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds., 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., Academic Press, London, 1987); Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986); and Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986).

According to a first aspect of the present invention is a method for increasing double-strand break induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell comprising the steps of:

-   -   (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest at least one         DNA target sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease;     -   (ii) engineering said at least one rare-cutting endonuclease in         order to generate a loss of genetic information around said DNA         target sequence within the genomic locus of interest;     -   (iii) contacting said DNA target sequence with said at least one         rare-cutting endonuclease to generate said loss of genetic         information around said DNA target sequence within the genomic         locus of interest;         thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced         mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.

In a preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease is able to generate one DNA double-strand break in the genomic locus of interest and a loss of genetic information by another enzymatic activity. In a more preferred embodiment, said another enzymatic activity is a nuclease activity. In another more preferred embodiment, said another enzymatic activity is an exonuclease activity. In this preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease which generates one DNA double-strand break leading to DNA ends, thus processed by an exonuclease activity, allowing the loss of genetic information and preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest.

In another preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease which generates one DNA double-strand break leading to DNA ends, thus processed by an enzymatic activity (as illustrated in FIG. 4E) other than a nuclease activity such as polymerase activity (TdT . . . ), a dephosphatase activity, as non-limiting examples.

In a preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprising a catalytic domain given in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 38-57) and Table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 96-152), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention comprises a catalytic domain selected from the group consisting of Trex (SEQ ID NO: 145-149), and Tdt (SEQ ID NO: 201), functional mutants, variants or derivatives thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a single chain meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 171-174 and SEQ ID NO: 197.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 201, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 201, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a single chain meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 201, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.

In another aspect the present invention also relates to engineered enzymes and more particularly to chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases able to target a DNA sequence within a genomic locus of interest in order to generate at least one DNA double-strand break and a loss of genetic information by another enzymatic activity around said DNA sequence, thus preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ. For instance, as a non limiting example, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention is a fusion protein between a rare-cutting endonuclease which generates one DNA double-strand break at a targeted sequence within the genomic locus of interest, leading to DNA ends and an nuclease domain that is able to process said DNA ends in order to generate a loss of information at the genomic locus of interest. Said nuclease domain can be a exonuclease domain. As another non limiting example, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention is a fusion protein between a rare-cutting endonuclease which generates one DNA double-strand break at a targeted sequence within the genomic locus of interest, leading to DNA ends and a polymerase activity, such as a template independent polymerase (TdT, . . . ) that is able to process said DNA ends and generate a loss of genetic information at the genomic locus of interest by adding at least one DNA fragment and preventing any scarless re-ligation.

In a preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprising a catalytic domain given in Table 2 and Table 3, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention comprises a catalytic domain selected from the group consisting of Trex (SEQ ID NO: 145-149), and Tdt (SEQ ID NO: 201), functional mutants, variants or derivatives thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a single chain meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 171-174 and SEQ ID NO: 197.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 201, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 201, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a single chain meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 201, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.

In a third aspect, the present invention concerns a method for the generation of at least two-nearby DNA double-strand breaks at a genomic locus of interest to prevent any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ. In other words, said method comprises the generation of two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into said genomic locus of interest by the introduction of at least one double-strand break creating agent able to generate at least two nearby double-strand breaks such that said at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks allow the removal of an intervening sequence, as a non limiting example, to prevent any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest (as illustrated in FIG. 4A to 4C).

According to this third aspect, the present invention concerns a method comprising the steps of:

-   -   (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest one DNA target         sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease;     -   (ii) engineering said at least one rare-cutting endonuclease         such that said rare-cutting endonuclease is able to generate at         least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks in the genomic locus         of interest;     -   (iii) contacting said DNA target sequence with said at least one         rare-cutting endonuclease;         thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced         mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.

In a preferred embodiment of this third aspect, said rare-cutting endonuclease of the method is engineered to provide one chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease that is able to generate two nearby DNA double-strand breaks in the genomic locus of interest (as illustrated in FIGS. 4B and 4C). In another preferred embodiment of this second aspect, said rare-cutting endonuclease of the method is engineered to provide one chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease that is able to generate more than two nearby DNA double-strand breaks in the genomic locus of interest; in this preferred embodiment, said one chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is able to generate three nearby DNA double-strand breaks in the genomic locus of interest.

In a preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprising a catalytic domain given in Table 2 and Table 3, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention comprises a catalytic domain selected from the group consisting of Colicin-E7 (SEQ ID NO: 97), I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 106 or SEQ ID NO: 60; SEQ ID NO: 107-108), NucA (SEQ ID NO: 41 and 112), NucM (SEQ ID NO: 43 and 113), SNase (SEQ ID NO: 45-47 and 116-118), BspD6I (SEQ ID NO: 124-125) a functional mutant, variant or derivative thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 84, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 84, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 54, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 54, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 85-87 and SEQ ID NO: 91-93.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 56 and 57, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 56, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 57, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 56, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 56, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 57, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 57, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 61-66 and SEQ ID NO: 70-75.

In another embodiment of this third aspect, the present invention implies two engineered rare-cutting endonucleases and comprises the steps of:

-   -   (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest two nearby DNA         target sequences respectively cleavable by one rare-cutting         endonuclease;     -   (ii) engineering a first rare-cutting endonuclease able to         generate a first DNA double-strand break in the genomic locus of         interest;     -   (iii) engineering a second rare-cutting endonuclease able to         generate a second DNA double-strand break in the genomic locus         of interest;     -   (iv) contacting said DNA target sequence with said two         rare-cutting endonucleases;         thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced         mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.

In a preferred embodiment, said two engineered rare-cutting endonucleases which respectively target a DNA sequence at a genomic locus of interest are not chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases (as illustrated in FIG. 4A). In another preferred embodiment, said two engineered rare-cutting endonucleases which respectively target a DNA sequence at a genomic locus of interest are chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases. In another preferred embodiment, only one of said two engineered rare-cutting endonucleases, which respectively target a DNA sequence at a genomic locus of interest, is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease.

In a preferred embodiment, said at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks induced into said genomic locus of interest are distant at least 12 bp. In another preferred embodiment, said at least two nearby DNA double-strand break-induced into said genomic locus of interest are distant at least 20 bp, 50 bp, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 bp. In another preferred embodiment, the distance between said at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks induced into said genomic locus of interest is between 12 bp and 1000 bp, more preferably between 12 bp and 500 bp, more preferably between 12 bp and 200 bp.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to engineered rare-cutting endonucleases and more particularly to chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases, able to target a DNA sequence within a genomic locus of interest in order to generate at said locus of interest at least two-nearby DNA double-strand breaks leading to at least the removal of a DNA fragment and thus preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ (as illustrated in FIGS. 4A, 4C and 4E). In a preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases comprise at least two catalytic domains. In a more preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases comprise two nuclease domains. In other words, the present invention relates to a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into a genomic locus of interest comprising:

-   -   i) a rare-cutting endonuclease;     -   ii) a peptidic linker;     -   iii) a nuclease catalytic domain.

In a preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease part of said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a meganuclease; in another preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease part of said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a I-CreI derived meganuclease. In another preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease part of said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a single chain meganuclease derived from I-CreI meganuclease.

In a more preferred embodiment said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein between a meganuclease and at least one nuclease catalytic domain. In said more preferred embodiment, said nuclease catalytic domain has an endonuclease activity; alternatively, said nuclease catalytic domain has an exonuclease activity.

In a preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprising a catalytic domain given in Table 2 and Table 3, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease of the present invention comprises a catalytic domain selected from the group consisting of Trex (SEQ ID NO: 145-149), Colicin E7 (SEQ ID NO: 97), 1-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 106 or SEQ ID NO: 60; SEQ ID NO: 107-108), NucA (SEQ ID NO: 41 and 112), NucM (SEQ ID NO: 43 and 113), SNase (SEQ ID NO: 45-47 and 116-118), BspD6I (SEQ ID NO: 124-125), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 145-149, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 106 or SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO: 107-108, SEQ ID NO: 41 and 112, SEQ ID NO: 43 and 113, SEQ ID NO: 45-47 and 116-118, SEQ ID NO: 124-125, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein comprising a single-chain meganuclease and a protein of SEQ ID NO: 194. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 171-174 and SEQ ID NO: 197.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 84, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 84, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 54, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 85-87 and SEQ ID NO: 91-93.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 56 and 57, functional mutants, variants or derivatives thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 56, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 57, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 56, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is fused to a protein of SEQ ID NO: 57, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 61-66 and SEQ ID NO: 70-75.

In another preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease further comprises a second peptidic linker and a supplementary catalytic domain. In other words, the present invention relates to a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease able to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into a genomic locus of interest comprising:

-   -   i) a rare-cutting endonuclease;     -   ii) a peptidic linker;     -   iii) a nuclease catalytic domain.     -   iv) a second peptidic linker     -   v) a supplementary catalytic domain.

In a preferred embodiment, said supplementary catalytic domain is a nuclease domain; in this case, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein between a rare-cutting endonuclease and two nuclease catalytic domains. In a more preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein between a meganuclease and two nuclease catalytic domains. In another more preferred embodiment, said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein between a meganuclease, one nuclease catalytic domain and one other catalytic domain.

Also encompassed within the scope of the present invention is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease able to generate two-nearby double-strand breaks and composed of the DNA-binding domain of a rare-cutting endonuclease and two other nuclease catalytic domains.

In a fifth aspect, the present invention describes a method to identify at a genomic locus of interest a DNA target sequence cleavable at least twice by a fusion protein leading at least to a loss of genetic information and preventing any scarless re-ligation of said genomic locus of interest by NHEJ. More particularly, in this aspect is a method for increasing double-strand break induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell comprising the steps of:

-   -   (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest one DNA target         sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease nearby one         DNA target sequence cleavable by one frequent-cutting         endonuclease;     -   (ii) engineering said rare-cutting endonuclease such that said         rare-cutting endonuclease is able to generate one DNA         double-strand break in the genomic locus of interest;     -   (iii) making a fusion protein between said rare-cutting         endonuclease and said frequent-cutting endonuclease;     -   (iv) contacting said DNA target sequences with said fusion         protein to generate at least two nearby double-strand breaks;         thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced         mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.

In a sixth aspect, the present invention relates to fusion proteins able to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into a genomic locus of interest comprising one DNA target sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease nearby one DNA target sequence cleavable by one frequent-cutting endonuclease. In other words, the present invention relates to a fusion protein comprising:

-   -   i) a rare-cutting endonuclease;     -   ii) a peptidic linker;     -   ii) a frequent-cutting endonuclease.

In a preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease part of said fusion protein is a meganuclease; in another preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease part of said fusion protein is a I-CreI derived meganuclease. In another preferred embodiment, said rare-cutting endonuclease part of said fusion protein is a single chain meganuclease derived from I-CreI meganuclease.

In another preferred embodiment, said further fusion protein comprises a second peptidic linker and a supplementary catalytic domain. In other words, the present invention relates to a fusion protein able to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into a genomic locus of interest comprising one DNA target sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease nearby one DNA target sequence cleavable by one frequent-cutting endonuclease, said fusion protein comprising:

-   -   i) a rare-cutting endonuclease;     -   ii) a peptidic linker;     -   ii) a frequent-cutting endonuclease;     -   iv) a second peptidic linker;     -   v) a supplementary catalytic domain.

In a preferred embodiment, said supplementary catalytic domain is a nuclease domain (as illustrated in FIG. 4D). In another preferred embodiment, said supplementary catalytic domain is a non-nuclease catalytic domain.

The present invention also relates to polynucleotides encoding the endonuclease proteins of the invention, specific vectors (polynucleotidic or not) encoding and/or vectorizing them, compositions and/or kits comprising them, all of them being used or part of a whole to implement methods of the present invention for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell. Such kits may contain instructions for use in increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis in a cell, packaging materials, one or more containers for the ingredients, and other components used for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis

DEFINITIONS

-   -   Amino acid residues in a polypeptide sequence are designated         herein according to the one-letter code, in which, for example,         Q means Gln or Glutamine residue, R means Arg or Arginine         residue and D means Asp or Aspartic acid residue.     -   Amino acid substitution means the replacement of one amino acid         residue with another, for instance the replacement of an         Arginine residue with a Glutamine residue in a peptide sequence         is an amino acid substitution.     -   Altered/enhanced/increased/improved cleavage activity, refers to         an increase in the detected level of meganuclease cleavage         activity, see below, against a target DNA sequence by a second         meganuclease in comparison to the activity of a first         meganuclease against the target DNA sequence. Normally the         second meganuclease is a variant of the first and comprise one         or more substituted amino acid residues in comparison to the         first meganuclease.     -   Nucleotides are designated as follows: one-letter code is used         for designating the base of a nucleoside: a is adenine, t is         thymine, c is cytosine, and g is guanine. For the degenerated         nucleotides, r represents g or a (purine nucleotides), k         represents g or t, s represents g or c, w represents a or t, m         represents a or c, y represents t or c (pyrimidine nucleotides),         d represents g, a or t, v represents g, a or c, b represents g,         t or c, h represents a, t or c, and n represents g, a, t or c.     -   by “meganuclease”, is intended an endonuclease having a         double-stranded DNA target sequence of 12 to 45 bp. Said         meganuclease is either a dimeric enzyme, wherein each domain is         on a monomer or a monomeric enzyme comprising the two domains on         a single polypeptide.     -   by “meganuclease domain” is intended the region which interacts         with one half of the DNA target of a meganuclease and is able to         associate with the other domain of the same meganuclease which         interacts with the other half of the DNA target to form a         functional meganuclease able to cleave said DNA target.     -   by “meganuclease variant” or “variant” it is intended a         meganuclease obtained by replacement of at least one residue in         the amino acid sequence of the parent meganuclease with a         different amino acid. Variants include those with substitutions         of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,         18, 19, 20 or more amino acid residues. Such variants may have         75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 97.5, 98, 99, 99.5% or more homology or         identity (or any intermediate value within this range) to a base         or parental meganuclease sequence.     -   by “peptide linker”, “peptidic linker” or “peptide spacer” it is         intended to mean a peptide sequence which allows the connection         of different monomers in a fusion protein and the adoption of         the correct conformation for said fusion protein activity and         which does not alter the specificity of either of the monomers         for their targets. Peptide linkers can be of various sizes, from         3 amino acids to 50 amino acids as a non limiting indicative         range. Non-limiting examples of such peptidic linkers are given         in Table 1.     -   by “related to”, particularly in the expression “one cell type         related to the chosen cell type or organism”, is intended a cell         type or an organism sharing characteristics with said chosen         cell type or said chosen organism; this cell type or organism         related to the chosen cell type or organism, can be derived from         said chosen cell type or organism or not.     -   by “subdomain” it is intended the region of a LAGLIDADG homing         endonuclease core domain which interacts with a distinct part of         a homing endonuclease DNA target half-site.     -   by “targeting DNA construct/minimal repair matrix/repair matrix”         it is intended to mean a DNA construct comprising a first and         second portions which are homologous to regions 5′ and 3′ of the         DNA target in situ. The DNA construct also comprises a third         portion positioned between the first and second portion which         comprise some homology with the corresponding DNA sequence in         situ or alternatively comprise no homology with the regions 5′         and 3′ of the DNA target in situ. Following cleavage of the DNA         target, a homologous recombination event is stimulated between         the genome containing the targeted gene comprised in the locus         of interest and the repair matrix, wherein the genomic sequence         containing the DNA target is replaced by the third portion of         the repair matrix and a variable part of the first and second         portions of the repair matrix.     -   by “functional variant” is intended a variant which is able to         cleave a DNA target sequence, preferably said target is a new         target which is not cleaved by the parent meganuclease. For         example, such variants have amino acid variation at positions         contacting the DNA target sequence or interacting directly or         indirectly with said DNA target.     -   by “selection or selecting” it is intended to mean the isolation         of one or more meganuclease variants based upon an observed         specified phenotype, for instance altered cleavage activity.         This selection can be of the variant in a peptide form upon         which the observation is made or alternatively the selection can         be of a nucleotide coding for selected meganuclease variant.     -   by “screening” it is intended to mean the sequential or         simultaneous selection of one or more meganuclease variant (s)         which exhibits a specified phenotype such as altered cleavage         activity.     -   by “derived from” it is intended to mean a meganuclease variant         which is created from a parent meganuclease and hence the         peptide sequence of the meganuclease variant is related to         (primary sequence level) but derived from (mutations) the         sequence peptide sequence of the parent meganuclease.     -   by “I-CreI” is intended the wild-type I-CreI having the sequence         of pdb accession code 1 g9y, corresponding to the sequence SEQ         ID NO: 1 in the sequence listing.     -   by “I-CreI variant with novel specificity” is intended a variant         having a pattern of cleaved targets different from that of the         parent meganuclease. The terms “novel specificity”, “modified         specificity”, “novel cleavage specificity”, “novel substrate         specificity” which are equivalent and used indifferently, refer         to the specificity of the variant towards the nucleotides of the         DNA target sequence. In the present Patent Application all the         I-CreI variants described comprise an additional Alanine after         the first Methionine of the wild type I-CreI sequence as shown         in SEQ ID NO: 195. These variants also comprise two additional         Alanine residues and an Aspartic Acid residue after the final         Proline of the wild type I-CreI sequence. These additional         residues do not affect the properties of the enzyme and to avoid         confusion these additional residues do not affect the numeration         of the residues in I-CreI or a variant referred in the present         Patent Application, as these references exclusively refer to         residues of the wild type I-CreI enzyme (SEQ ID NO: 1) as         present in the variant, so for instance residue 2 of I-CreI is         in fact residue 3 of a variant which comprises an additional         Alanine after the first Methionine.     -   by “I-CreI site” is intended a 22 to 24 bp double-stranded DNA         sequence which is cleaved by I-CreI. I-CreI sites include the         wild-type non-palindromic I-CreI homing site and the derived         palindromic sequences such as the sequence         5′-t⁻¹²c⁻¹¹a⁻¹⁰a⁻⁹a⁻⁸a⁻⁷c⁻⁶g⁻⁵t⁻⁴c⁻³g⁻²t⁻¹a₊₁c₊₂g₊₃a₊₄c₊₅g₊₆t₊₇t₊₈t₊₉t₊₁₀g₊₁₁a₊₁₂         (SEQ ID NO: 2), also called C1221.     -   by “domain” or “core domain” is intended the “LAGLIDADG homing         endonuclease core domain” which is the characteristic αββαββα a         fold of the homing endonucleases of the LAGLIDADG family,         corresponding to a sequence of about one hundred amino acid         residues. Said domain comprises four beta-strands (β₁β₂β₃β₄)         folded in an anti-parallel beta-sheet which interacts with one         half of the DNA target. This domain is able to associate with         another LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease core domain which         interacts with the other half of the DNA target to form a         functional endonuclease able to cleave said DNA target. For         example, in the case of the dimeric homing endonuclease I-CreI         (163 amino acids), the LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease core domain         corresponds to the residues 6 to 94.     -   by “subdomain” is intended the region of a LAGLIDADG homing         endonuclease core domain which interacts with a distinct part of         a homing endonuclease DNA target half-site.     -   by “chimeric DNA target” or “hybrid DNA target” it is intended         the fusion of a different half of two parent meganuclease target         sequences. In addition at least one half of said target may         comprise the combination of nucleotides which are bound by at         least two separate subdomains (combined DNA target). Is also         encompassed in this definition a DNA target sequence, comprising         a rare-cutting endonuclease target sequence (20-24 bp) and a         frequent-cutting endonuclease target sequence (4-8 bp),         recognized by a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease according to         the present invention.     -   by “beta-hairpin” is intended two consecutive beta-strands of         the antiparallel beta-sheet of a LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease         core domain (β₁β₂ or β₃β₄) which are connected by a loop or a         turn,     -   by “single-chain meganuclease”, “single-chain chimeric         meganuclease”, “single-chain meganuclease derivative”,         “single-chain chimeric meganuclease derivative” or “single-chain         derivative” is intended a meganuclease comprising two LAGLIDADG         homing endonuclease domains or core domains linked by a peptidic         spacer as described in WO2009095793. The single-chain         meganuclease is able to cleave a chimeric DNA target sequence         comprising one different half of each parent meganuclease target         sequence.     -   by “DNA target”, “DNA target sequence”, “target sequence”,         “target-site”, “target”, “site”, “site of interest”,         “recognition site”, “polynucleotide recognition site”,         “recognition sequence”, “homing recognition site”, “homing         site”, “cleavage site” is intended a 20 to 24 bp double-stranded         palindromic, partially palindromic (pseudo-palindromic) or         non-palindromic polynucleotide sequence that is recognized and         cleaved by a LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease such as I-CreI, or a         variant, or a single-chain chimeric meganuclease derived from         I-CreI. Said DNA target sequence is qualified of “cleavable” by         an endonuclease, when recognized within a genomic sequence and         known to correspond to the DNA target sequence of a given         endonuclease or a variant of such endonuclease. These terms         refer to a distinct DNA location, preferably a genomic location,         at which a double stranded break (cleavage) is to be induced by         the meganuclease. The DNA target is defined by the 5′ to 3′         sequence of one strand of the double-stranded polynucleotide, as         indicate above for C1221. Cleavage of the DNA target occurs at         the nucleotides at positions +2 and −2, respectively for the         sense and the antisense strand. Unless otherwise indicated, the         position at which cleavage of the DNA target by an I-Cre I         meganuclease variant occurs, corresponds to the cleavage site on         the sense strand of the DNA target.     -   by “DNA target half-site”, “half cleavage site” or half-site” is         intended the portion of the DNA target which is bound by each         LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease core domain.     -   by “chimeric DNA target” or “hybrid DNA target” is intended the         fusion of different halves of two parent meganuclease target         sequences. In addition at least one half of said target may         comprise the combination of nucleotides which are bound by at         least two separate subdomains (combined DNA target).     -   The term “endonuclease” refers to any wild-type or variant         enzyme capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis (cleavage) of bonds         between nucleic acids within of a DNA or RNA molecule,         preferably a DNA molecule. Endonucleases do not cleave the DNA         or RNA molecule irrespective of its sequence, but recognize and         cleave the DNA or RNA molecule at specific polynucleotide         sequences, further referred to as “target sequences” or “target         sites”. Endonucleases can be classified as rare-cutting         endonucleases when having typically a polynucleotide recognition         site of about 12-45 base pairs (bp) in length, more preferably         of 14-45 bp. Rare-cutting endonucleases significantly increase         HR by inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at a defined         locus (Rouet, Smih et al. 1994; Rouet, Smih et al. 1994;         Choulika, Perrin et al. 1995; Pingoud and Silva 2007).         Rare-cutting endonucleases can for example be a homing         endonuclease (Paques and Duchateau 2007), a chimeric Zinc-Finger         nuclease (ZFN) resulting from the fusion of engineered         zinc-finger domains with the catalytic domain of a restriction         enzyme such as FokI (Porteus and Carroll 2005) or a chemical         endonuclease (Eisenschmidt, Lanio et al. 2005; Arimondo, Thomas         et al. 2006; Simon, Cannata et al. 2008). In chemical         endonucleases, a chemical or peptidic cleaver is conjugated         either to a polymer of nucleic acids or to another DNA         recognizing a specific target sequence, thereby targeting the         cleavage activity to a specific sequence. Chemical endonucleases         also encompass synthetic nucleases like conjugates of         orthophenanthroline, a DNA cleaving molecule, and         triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs), known to bind specific         DNA sequences (Kalish and Glazer 2005). Such chemical         endonucleases are comprised in the term “endonuclease” according         to the present invention. Rare-cutting endonucleases can also be         for example TALENs, a new class of chimeric nucleases using a         Fokl catalytic domain and a DNA binding domain derived from         Transcription Activator Like Effector (TALE), a family of         proteins used in the infection process by plant pathogens of the         Xanthomonas genus (Boch, Scholze et al. 2009; Moscou and         Bogdanove 2009; Christian, Cermak et al. 2010; Li, Huang et al.         2010). The functional layout of a FokI-based TALE-nuclease         (TALEN) is essentially that of a ZFN, with the Zinc-finger DNA         binding domain being replaced by the TALE domain. As such, DNA         cleavage by a TALEN requires two DNA recognition regions         flanking an unspecific central region. Rare-cutting         endonucleases encompassed in the present invention can also be         derived from TALENs.

Rare-cutting endonuclease can be a homing endonuclease, also known under the name of meganuclease. Such homing endonucleases are well-known to the art (Stoddard 2005). Homing endonucleases recognize a DNA target sequence and generate a single- or double-strand break. Homing endonucleases are highly specific, recognizing DNA target sites ranging from 12 to 45 base pairs (bp) in length, usually ranging from 14 to 40 bp in length. The homing endonuclease according to the invention may for example correspond to a LAGLIDADG endonuclease, to a HNH endonuclease, or to a GIY-YIG endonuclease. An expression such as “double-strand break creating agent” can be used to qualify a rare-cutting endonuclease according to the present invention.

In the wild, meganucleases are essentially represented by homing endonucleases. Homing Endonucleases (HEs) are a widespread family of natural meganucleases including hundreds of proteins families (Chevalier and Stoddard 2001). These proteins are encoded by mobile genetic elements which propagate by a process called “homing”: the endonuclease cleaves a cognate allele from which the mobile element is absent, thereby stimulating a homologous recombination event that duplicates the mobile DNA into the recipient locus. Given their exceptional cleavage properties in terms of efficacy and specificity, they could represent ideal scaffolds to derive novel, highly specific endonucleases.

HEs belong to four major families. The LAGLIDADG family, named after a conserved peptidic motif involved in the catalytic center, is the most widespread and the best characterized group. Seven structures are now available. Whereas most proteins from this family are monomeric and display two LAGLIDADG motifs, a few have only one motif, and thus dimerize to cleave palindromic or pseudo-palindromic target sequences.

Although the LAGLIDADG peptide is the only conserved region among members of the family, these proteins share a very similar architecture. The catalytic core is flanked by two DNA-binding domains with a perfect two-fold symmetry for homodimers such as I-CreI (Chevalier, Monnat et al. 2001), I-MsoI (Chevalier, Turmel et al. 2003) and I-CeuI (Spiegel, Chevalier et al. 2006) and with a pseudo symmetry for monomers such as I-SceI (Moure, Gimble et al. 2003), I-DmoI (Silva, Dalgaard et al. 1999) or I-AniI (Bolduc, Spiegel et al. 2003). Both monomers and both domains (for monomeric proteins) contribute to the catalytic core, organized around divalent cations. Just above the catalytic core, the two LAGLIDADG peptides also play an essential role in the dimerization interface. DNA binding depends on two typical saddle-shaped αββαββα folds, sitting on the DNA major groove. Other domains can be found, for example in inteins such as PI-PfuI (Ichiyanagi, Ishino et al. 2000) and PI-SceI (Moure, Gimble et al. 2002), whose protein splicing domain is also involved in DNA binding.

The making of functional chimeric meganucleases, by fusing the N-terminal I-DmoI domain with an I-CreI monomer (Chevalier, Kortemme et al. 2002; Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003); International PCT Application WO 03/078619 (Cellectis) and WO 2004/031346 (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Stoddard et al)) have demonstrated the plasticity of LAGLIDADG proteins.

Different groups have also used a semi-rational approach to locally alter the specificity of the I-CreI (Seligman, Stephens et al. 1997; Sussman, Chadsey et al. 2004); International PCT Applications WO 2006/097784, WO 2006/097853, WO 2007/060495 and WO 2007/049156 (Cellectis); (Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Rosen, Morrison et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006), I-SceI (Doyon, Pattanayak et al. 2006), PI-SceI (Gimble, Moure et al. 2003) and I-MsoI (Ashworth, Havranek et al. 2006).

In addition, hundreds of I-CreI derivatives with locally altered specificity were engineered by combining the semi-rational approach and High Throughput Screening:

-   -   Residues Q44, R68 and R70 or Q44, R68, D75 and 177 of I-CreI         were mutagenized and a collection of variants with altered         specificity at positions±3 to 5 of the DNA target (5NNN DNA         target) were identified by screening (International PCT         Applications WO 2006/097784 and WO 2006/097853 (Cellectis);         (Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).     -   Residues K28, N30 and Q38 or N30, Y33 and Q38 or K28, Y33, Q38         and S40 of I-CreI were mutagenized and a collection of variants         with altered specificity at positions ±8 to 10 of the DNA target         (10NNN DNA target) were identified by screening (Arnould, Chames         et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006); International PCT         Applications WO 2007/060495 and WO 2007/049156 (Cellectis)).

Two different variants were combined and assembled in a functional heterodimeric endonuclease able to cleave a chimeric target resulting from the fusion of two different halves of each variant DNA target sequence ((Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006); International PCT Applications WO 2006/097854 and WO 2007/034262).

Furthermore, residues 28 to 40 and 44 to 77 of I-CreI were shown to form two partially separable functional subdomains, able to bind distinct parts of a homing endonuclease target half-site (Smith, Grizot et al. 2006); International PCT Applications WO 2007/049095 and WO 2007/057781 (Cellectis)).

The combination of mutations from the two subdomains of I-CreI within the same monomer allowed the design of novel chimeric molecules (homodimers) able to cleave a palindromic combined DNA target sequence comprising the nucleotides at positions ±3 to 5 and ±8 to 10 which are bound by each subdomain ((Smith, Grizot et al. 2006); International PCT Applications WO 2007/049095 and WO 2007/057781 (Cellectis)).

The method for producing meganuclease variants and the assays based on cleavage-induced recombination in mammal or yeast cells, which are used for screening variants with altered specificity are described in the International PCT Application WO 2004/067736; (Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006). These assays result in a functional LacZ reporter gene which can be monitored by standard methods.

The combination of the two former steps allows a larger combinatorial approach, involving four different subdomains. The different subdomains can be modified separately and combined to obtain an entirely redesigned meganuclease variant (heterodimer or single-chain molecule) with chosen specificity. In a first step, couples of novel meganucleases are combined in new molecules (“half-meganucleases”) cleaving palindromic targets derived from the target one wants to cleave. Then, the combination of such “half-meganucleases” can result in a heterodimeric species cleaving the target of interest. The assembly of four sets of mutations into heterodimeric endonucleases cleaving a model target sequence or a sequence from different genes has been described in the following Cellectis International patent applications: XPC gene (WO2007/093918), RAG gene (WO2008/010093), HPRT gene (WO2008/059382), beta-2 microglobulin gene (WO2008/102274), Rosa26 gene (WO2008/152523), Human hemoglobin beta gene (WO2009/13622) and Human interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene (WO2009019614).

These variants can be used to cleave genuine chromosomal sequences and have paved the way for novel perspectives in several fields, including gene therapy.

Examples of such endonuclease include I-Sce I, I-Chu I, I-Cre I, I-Csm I, PI-Sce I, PI-Tli I, PI-Mtu I, I-Ceu I, I-Sce II, I-Sce III, HO, PI-Civ I, PI-Ctr I, PI-Aae I, PI-Bsu I, PI-Dha I, PI-Dra I, PI-Mav I, PI-Mch I, PI-Mfu I, PI-Mfl I, PI-Mga I, PI-Mgo I, PI-Min I, PI-Mka I, PI-Mle I, PI-Mma I, PI-Msh I, PI-Msm I, PI-Mth I, PI-Mtu I, PI-Mxe I, PI-Npu I, PI-Pfu I, PI-Rma I, PI-Spb I, PI-Ssp I, PI-Fac I, PI-Mja I, PI-Pho I, PI-Tag I, PI-Thy I, PI-Tko I, PI-Tsp I, I-MsoI.

A homing endonuclease can be a LAGLIDADG endonuclease such as I-SceI, I-CreI, I-CeuI, I-MsoI, and I-DmoI.

Said LAGLIDADG endonuclease can be I-Sce I, a member of the family that contains two LAGLIDADG motifs and functions as a monomer, its molecular mass being approximately twice the mass of other family members like I-CreI which contains only one LAGLIDADG motif and functions as homodimers.

Endonucleases mentioned in the present application encompass both wild-type (naturally-occurring) and variant endonucleases. Endonucleases according to the invention can be a “variant” endonuclease, i.e. an endonuclease that does not naturally exist in nature and that is obtained by genetic engineering or by random mutagenesis, i.e. an engineered endonuclease. This variant endonuclease can for example be obtained by substitution of at least one residue in the amino acid sequence of a wild-type, naturally-occurring, endonuclease with a different amino acid. Said substitution(s) can for example be introduced by site-directed mutagenesis and/or by random mutagenesis. In the frame of the present invention, such variant endonucleases remain functional, i.e. they retain the capacity of recognizing and specifically cleaving a target sequence to initiate gene targeting process.

The variant endonuclease according to the invention cleaves a target sequence that is different from the target sequence of the corresponding wild-type endonuclease. Methods for obtaining such variant endonucleases with novel specificities are well-known in the art.

Endonucleases variants may be homodimers (meganuclease comprising two identical monomers) or heterodimers (meganuclease comprising two non-identical monomers).

Endonucleases with novel specificities can be used in the method according to the present invention for gene targeting and thereby integrating a transgene of interest into a genome at a predetermined location.

-   -   by “parent meganuclease” it is intended to mean a wild type         meganuclease or a variant of such a wild type meganuclease with         identical properties or alternatively a meganuclease with some         altered characteristic in comparison to a wild type version of         the same meganuclease. In the present invention the parent         meganuclease can refer to the initial meganuclease from which         the first series of variants are derived in step (a) or the         meganuclease from which the second series of variants are         derived in step (b), or the meganuclease from which the third         series of variants are derived in step (k).     -   By “delivery vector” or “delivery vectors” is intended any         delivery vector which can be used in the present invention to         put into cell contact or deliver inside cells or subcellular         compartments agents/chemicals and molecules (proteins or nucleic         acids) needed in the present invention. It includes, but is not         limited to liposomal delivery vectors, viral delivery vectors,         drug delivery vectors, chemical carriers, polymeric carriers,         lipoplexes, polyplexes, dendrimers, microbubbles (ultrasound         contrast agents), nanoparticles, emulsions or other appropriate         transfer vectors. These delivery vectors allow delivery of         molecules, chemicals, macromolecules (genes, proteins), or other         vectors such as plasmids, peptides developed by Diatos. In these         cases, delivery vectors are molecule carriers. By “delivery         vector” or “delivery vectors” is also intended delivery methods         to perform transfection     -   The terms “vector” or “vectors” refer to a nucleic acid molecule         capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has         been linked. A “vector” in the present invention includes, but         is not limited to, a viral vector, a plasmid, a RNA vector or a         linear or circular DNA or RNA molecule which may consists of a         chromosomal, non chromosomal, semi-synthetic or synthetic         nucleic acids. Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous         replication (episomal vector) and/or expression of nucleic acids         to which they are linked (expression vectors). Large numbers of         suitable vectors are known to those of skill in the art and         commercially available.

Viral vectors include retrovirus, adenovirus, parvovirus (e.g. adenoassociated viruses), coronavirus, negative strand RNA viruses such as orthomyxovirus (e.g., influenza virus), rhabdovirus (e.g., rabies and vesicular stomatitis virus), paramyxovirus (e.g. measles and Sendai), positive strand RNA viruses such as picornavirus and alphavirus, and double-stranded DNA viruses including adenovirus, herpesvirus (e.g., Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus), and poxvirus (e.g., vaccinia, fowlpox and canarypox). Other viruses include Norwalk virus, togavirus, flavivirus, reoviruses, papovavirus, hepadnavirus, and hepatitis virus, for example. Examples of retroviruses include: avian leukosis-sarcoma, mammalian C-type, B-type viruses, D type viruses, HTLV-BLV group, lentivirus, spumavirus (Coffin, J. M., Retroviridae: The viruses and their replication, In Fundamental Virology, Third Edition, B. N. Fields, et al., Eds., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996).

-   -   By “lentiviral vector” is meant HIV-Based lentiviral vectors         that are very promising for gene delivery because of their         relatively large packaging capacity, reduced immunogenicity and         their ability to stably transduce with high efficiency a large         range of different cell types. Lentiviral vectors are usually         generated following transient transfection of three (packaging,         envelope and transfer) or more plasmids into producer cells.         Like HIV, lentiviral vectors enter the target cell through the         interaction of viral surface glycoproteins with receptors on the         cell surface. On entry, the viral RNA undergoes reverse         transcription, which is mediated by the viral reverse         transcriptase complex. The product of reverse transcription is a         double-stranded linear viral DNA, which is the substrate for         viral integration in the DNA of infected cells.     -   By “integrative lentiviral vectors (or LV)”, is meant such         vectors as non limiting example, that are able to integrate the         genome of a target cell.     -   At the opposite by “non integrative lentiviral vectors (or         NILV)” is meant efficient gene delivery vectors that do not         integrate the genome of a target cell through the action of the         virus integrase.

One type of preferred vector is an episome, i.e., a nucleic acid capable of extra-chromosomal replication. Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they are linked. Vectors capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors. A vector according to the present invention comprises, but is not limited to, a YAC (yeast artificial chromosome), a BAC (bacterial artificial), a baculovirus vector, a phage, a phagemid, a cosmid, a viral vector, a plasmid, a RNA vector or a linear or circular DNA or RNA molecule which may consist of chromosomal, non chromosomal, semi-synthetic or synthetic DNA. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of “plasmids” which refer generally to circular double stranded DNA loops which, in their vector form are not bound to the chromosome. Large numbers of suitable vectors are known to those of skill in the art. Vectors can comprise selectable markers, for example: neomycin phosphotransferase, histidinol dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase, hygromycin phosphotransferase, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, adenosine deaminase, glutamine synthetase, and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase for eukaryotic cell culture; TRP1 for S. cerevisiae; tetracyclin, rifampicin or ampicillin resistance in E. coli. Preferably said vectors are expression vectors, wherein a sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest is placed under control of appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements to permit production or synthesis of said polypeptide. Therefore, said polynucleotide is comprised in an expression cassette. More particularly, the vector comprises a replication origin, a promoter operatively linked to said encoding polynucleotide, a ribosome binding site, a RNA-splicing site (when genomic DNA is used), a polyadenylation site and a transcription termination site. It also can comprise an enhancer or silencer elements. Selection of the promoter will depend upon the cell in which the polypeptide is expressed. Suitable promoters include tissue specific and/or inducible promoters. Examples of inducible promoters are: eukaryotic metallothionine promoter which is induced by increased levels of heavy metals, prokaryotic lacZ promoter which is induced in response to isopropyl-□-D-thiogalacto-pyranoside (IPTG) and eukaryotic heat shock promoter which is induced by increased temperature. Examples of tissue specific promoters are skeletal muscle creatine kinase, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), α-antitrypsin protease, human surfactant (SP) A and B proteins, β-casein and acidic whey protein genes.

-   -   Inducible promoters may be induced by pathogens or stress, more         preferably by stress like cold, heat, UV light, or high ionic         concentrations (reviewed in Potenza C et al. 2004, In vitro Cell         Dev Biol 40:1-22). Inducible promoter may be induced by         chemicals (reviewed in (Moore, Samalova et al. 2006); (Padidam         2003); (Wang, Zhou et al. 2003); (Zuo and Chua 2000).

Delivery vectors and vectors can be associated or combined with any cellular permeabilization techniques such as sonoporation or electroporation or derivatives of these techniques.

-   -   By cell or cells is intended any prokaryotic or eukaryotic         living cells, cell lines derived from these organisms for in         vitro cultures, primary cells from animal or plant origin.     -   By “primary cell” or “primary cells” are intended cells taken         directly from living tissue (i.e. biopsy material) and         established for growth in vitro, that have undergone very few         population doublings and are therefore more representative of         the main functional components and characteristics of tissues         from which they are derived from, in comparison to continuous         tumorigenic or artificially immortalized cell lines. These cells         thus represent a more valuable model to the in vivo state they         refer to.     -   In the frame of the present invention, “eukaryotic cells” refer         to a fungal, plant or animal cell or a cell line derived from         the organisms listed below and established for in vitro culture.         More preferably, the fungus is of the genus Aspergillus,         Penicillium, Acremonium, Trichoderma, Chrysoporium, Mortierella,         Kluyveromyces or Pichia; More preferably, the fungus is of the         species Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus         oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum,         Penicillium citrinum, Acremonium Chrysogenum, Trichoderma         reesei, Mortierella alpine, Chrysosporium lucknowense,         Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia pastoris or Pichia ciferrii.

More preferably the plant is of the genus Arabidospis, Nicotiana, Solanum, lactuca, Brassica, Oryza, Asparagus, Pisum, Medicago, Zea, Hordeum, Secale, Triticum, Capsicum, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Citrullis, Citrus, Sorghum; More preferably, the plant is of the species Arabidospis thaliana, Nicotiana tabaccum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Solanum esculentum, Lactuca saliva, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Oryza glaberrima, Oryza sativa, Asparagus officinalis, Pisum sativum, Medicago sativa, zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereal, Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Capsicum sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus maxima, Citrus medica, Citrus reticulata.

More preferably the animal cell is of the genus Homo, Rattus, Mus, Sus, Bos, Danio, Canis, Felis, Equus, Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Gallus, Meleagris, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis; more preferably, the animal cell is of the species Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa, Bos taurus, Danio rerio, Canis lupus, Felis catus, Equus caballus, Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans.

-   -   by “homologous” is intended a sequence with enough identity to         another one to lead to homologous recombination between         sequences, more particularly having at least 95% identity,         preferably 97% identity and more preferably 99%.     -   “identity” refers to sequence identity between two nucleic acid         molecules or polypeptides. Identity can be determined by         comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for         purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence         is occupied by the same base, then the molecules are identical         at that position. A degree of similarity or identity between         nucleic acid or amino acid sequences is a function of the number         of identical or matching nucleotides at positions shared by the         nucleic acid sequences. Various alignment algorithms and/or         programs may be used to calculate the identity between two         sequences, including FASTA, or BLAST which are available as a         part of the GCG sequence analysis package (University of         Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), and can be used with, e.g., default         setting.     -   by “mutation” is intended the substitution, deletion, insertion         of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten,         eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,         eighteen, nineteen, twenty or more nucleotides/amino acids in a         polynucleotide (cDNA, gene) or a polypeptide sequence. Said         mutation can affect the coding sequence of a gene or its         regulatory sequence. It may also affect the structure of the         genomic sequence or the structure/stability of the encoded mRNA.     -   In the frame of the present invention, the expression         “double-strand break-induced mutagenesis” (DSB-induced         mutagenesis) refers to a mutagenesis event consecutive to an         NHEJ event following an endonuclease-induced DSB, leading to         insertion/deletion at the cleavage site of an endonuclease.     -   By “gene” is meant the basic unit of heredity, consisting of a         segment of DNA arranged in a linear manner along a chromosome,         which codes for a specific protein or segment of protein. A gene         typically includes a promoter, a 5′ untranslated region, one or         more coding sequences (exons), optionally introns, a 3′         untranslated region. The gene may further comprise a terminator,         enhancers and/or silencers.     -   As used herein, the term “transgene” refers to a sequence         encoding a polypeptide. Preferably, the polypeptide encoded by         the transgene is either not expressed, or expressed but not         biologically active, in the cell, tissue or individual in which         the transgene is inserted. Most preferably, the transgene         encodes a therapeutic polypeptide useful for the treatment of an         individual.     -   The term “gene of interest” or “GOI” refers to any nucleotide         sequence encoding a known or putative gene product.     -   As used herein, the term “locus” is the specific physical         location of a DNA sequence (e.g. of a gene) on a chromosome. The         term “locus” usually refers to the specific physical location of         an endonuclease's target sequence on a chromosome. Such a locus,         which comprises a target sequence that is recognized and cleaved         by an endonuclease according to the invention, is referred to as         “locus according to the invention”. Also, the expression         “genomic locus of interest” is used to qualify a nucleic acid         sequence in a genome that can be a putative target for a         double-strand break according to the invention. By “endogenous         genomic locus of interest” is intended a native nucleic acid         sequence in a genome, i.e., a sequence or allelic variations of         this sequence that is naturally present at this genomic locus.         It is understood that the considered genomic locus of interest         of the present invention can be between two overlapping genes         the considered endonuclease's target sequences are located in         two different genes. It is understood that the considered         genomic locus of interest of the present invention can not only         qualify a nucleic acid sequence that exists in the main body of         genetic material (i.e., in a chromosome) of a cell but also a         portion of genetic material that can exist independently to said         main body of genetic material such as plasmids, episomes, virus,         transposons or in organelles such as mitochondria or         chloroplasts as non-limiting examples.     -   By the expression “loss of genetic information” is understood         the elimination or addition of at least one given DNA fragment         (at least one nucleotide) or sequence, bordering the recognition         sites of the endonucleases of the present invention and leading         to a change of the original sequence around said         endonuclease-cutting sites, within the genomic locus of         interest. This loss of genetic information can be, as a         non-limiting example, the elimination of an intervening sequence         between two endonuclease-cutting sites; it can also be, in         another non-limiting example, the result of an exonuclease         DNA-ends processing activity after a unique endonuclease DNA         double-strand break. In this last case, loss of genetic         information within the genomic locus of interest is generated         “around said DNA target sequence”, i.e. around the         endonuclease-cutting site (DSB), taken as reference. It can also         be, in other non-limiting examples, the result of DNA-ends         processing activities by other enzymes, after a unique         endonuclease DNA double-strand break, such as polymerase         activity (TdT . . . ), dephosphatase activity . . . .     -   By the expression “two nearby DNA double strand breaks” within         the genomic locus of interest, is meant two endonucleases         cutting sites distant at between 12 bp and 1000 bp.     -   By “scarless re-ligation” is intended the perfect re-ligation         event, without loss of genetic information (no         insertion/deletion events) of the DNA broken ends through NHEJ         process after the creation of a double-strand break event. The         present invention relates to a method to increase double-strand         break mediated mutagenesis by avoiding any such “scarless         re-ligation” process.     -   By “fusion protein” is intended the result of a well-known         process in the art consisting in the joining of two or more         genes which originally encode for separate proteins, the         translation of said “fusion gene” resulting in a single         polypeptide with functional properties derived from each of the         original proteins.     -   By “chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease” is meant any fusion         protein comprising a rare-cutting endonuclease. Said         rare-cutting endonuclease might be at the N-terminus part of         said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease; at the opposite, said         rare-cutting endonuclease might be at the C-terminus part of         said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease. A “chimeric         rare-cutting endonuclease” according to the present invention         which comprises two catalytic domains can be described as         “bi-functional” or as “bi-functional meganuclease”. A “chimeric         rare-cutting endonuclease” according to the present invention         which comprises more than two catalytic domains can be described         as “multi-functional” or as “multi-functional meganuclease”. As         non-limiting examples, chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases         according to the present invention can be a fusion protein         between a rare-cutting endonuclease and one catalytic domain;         chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases according to the present         invention can also be a fusion protein between a rare-cutting         endonuclease and two catalytic domains. As mentioned previously,         the rare-cutting endonuclease part of chimeric rare-cutting         endonucleases according to the present invention can be a         meganuclease comprising either two identical monomers, either         two non identical monomers, or a single chain meganuclease. The         rare-cutting endonuclease part of chimeric rare-cutting         endonucleases according to the present invention can also be the         DNA-binding domain of a rare-cutting endonuclease. In other         non-limiting examples, chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases         according to the present invention can be derived from a         TALE-nuclease (TALEN), i.e., a fusion between a DNA-binding         domain derived from a Transcription Activator Like Effector         (TALE) and one or two catalytic domains.     -   By “frequent-cutting endonuclease” is intended an endonuclease         typically having a polynucleotide recognition site of about 4-8         base pairs (bp) in length, more preferably of 4-6 bp.     -   By a “TALE-nuclease” (TALEN) is intended a fusion protein         consisting of a DNA-binding domain derived from a Transcription         Activator Like Effector (TALE) and one FokI catalytic domain,         that need to dimerize to form an active entity able to cleave a         DNA target sequence.     -   By “catalytic domain” is intended the protein domain or module         of an enzyme containing the active site of said enzyme; by         active site is intended the part of said enzyme at which         catalysis of the substrate occurs. Enzymes, but also their         catalytic domains, are classified and named according to the         reaction they catalyze. The Enzyme Commission number (EC number)         is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the         chemical reactions they catalyze         (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/). In the scope of the         present invention, any catalytic domain can be fused to a         rare-cutting endonuclease to generate a chimeric rare-cutting         endonuclease. Non-limiting examples of such catalytic domains         are given in table 2 and in table 3 with a GenBank or NCBI or         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot number as a reference.     -   By “nuclease catalytic domain” is intended the protein domain         comprising the active site of an endonuclease or an exonuclease         enzyme. Non-limiting examples of such catalytic domains are         given in table 2 and in table 3 with a GenBank or NCBI or         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot number as a reference.

The above written description of the invention provides a manner and process of making and using it such that any person skilled in this art is enabled to make and use the same, this enablement being provided in particular for the subject matter of the appended claims, which make up a part of the original description.

As used above, the phrases “selected from the group consisting of,” “chosen from,” and the like include mixtures of the specified materials.

Where a numerical limit or range is stated herein, the endpoints are included. Also, all values and subranges within a numerical limit or range are specifically included as if explicitly written out.

The above description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, this invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples, which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Two engineered single-chain meganucleases called R1 or R1m (SEQ ID NO: 58) and D21 or D21m (SEQ ID NO: 59) are produced using the methods disclosed in International PCT Applications WO2003078619, WO2004/067736, WO2006/097784, WO2006/097853, WO2007/060495, WO 2007/049156, WO 2006/097854, WO2007/034262, WO 2007/049095, WO2007/057781 and WO2009095793 (Cellectis) and in (Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006). These meganucleases, derived from I-CreI, are designed to recognize two different DNA sequences, neither of which are recognized by wild-type I-CreI. (recognition sequences, respectively, tgttctcaggtacctcagccag SEQ ID NO: 3 and aaacctcaagtaccaaatgtaa SEQ ID NO: 4). Expression of these two meganucleases is driven by a CMV promoter and a polyA signal sequence. The two corresponding recognition sites are cloned in close proximity to generate the target plasmid. For this example, the recognition sites are separated by 10 bp (FIG. 1). DNA cleavage by a meganuclease generates characteristic 4-nt 3′-OH overhangs. The simultaneous cleavage of both sites is expected to eliminate the intervening sequence and therefore abolish “scarless” re-ligation by NHEJ (FIG. 1).

Human HEK293 cells are transiently co-transfected with two plasmids carrying the expression cassette for R1 (SEQ ID NO: 58) and D21 (SEQ ID NO: 59), as well as the target plasmid. For comparison, HEK293 cells are transiently co-transfected with the target plasmid and only one meganuclease-expressing plasmid. DNA is extracted 2 days post-transfection and targeted mutagenesis is assessed by a mutation detection assay as depicted in FIG. 2 (surveyor assay from Transgenomic, Inc. USA). High-fidelity PCR amplification of the DNA encompassing the two recognition sites is performed using appropriate specific primers. The same PCR amplification is performed on genomic DNA extracted from cells transfected with the target plasmid alone. After quantification and purification, equimolar amounts of PCR products are mixed in an annealing buffer and a fraction of this mixture is subjected to a melting/annealing step, resulting in the formation of distorted duplex DNA through random re-annealing of mutant and wild-type DNA. CEL-1 enzyme (surveyor assay from Transgenomic, Inc. USA) is added to specifically cleave the DNA duplexes at the sites of mismatches. The CEL-1 cleaved samples are resolved on analytical gel, stained with ethidium bromide and the DNA bands are quantified using densitometry. The frequency of mutagenesis can then be calculated essentially as described in Miller et al (2007).

PCR products from cells transfected with the target plasmid and (a) an empty plasmid; (b) one meganuclease expressing plasmid or; (c) two plasmids expressing respectively R1 (SEQ ID NO: 58) and D21 (SEQ ID NO: 59), are also analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (FIG. 2). In this case, PCR amplification is performed with appropriate primers to obtain a fragment flanked by specific adaptor sequences (adaptor A: 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGAC-NNNN-3′, SEQ ID NO: 5 and adaptor B, CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG-3′, SEQ ID NO: 6) provided by the company (GATC Biotech AG, Germany) offering sequencing service on a 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences). Approximately 10,000 exploitable sequences are obtained per PCR pool and then analyzed for the presence of site-specific insertion or deletion events. The inventers are able to show that deletion of the intervening sequence or microsequence following the creation of two DNA DSBs greatly enhances the site-specific NHEJ-driven mutation rate. This deletion is observed only when both meganucleases are introduced into the cells.

Example 2

In this example, an engineered single-chain meganuclease derived from I-CreI (described in International PCT Applications WO2003078619, WO 2004/067736, WO 2006/097784, WO 2006/097853, WO 2007/060495, WO 2007/049156, WO 2006/097854, WO 2007/034262, WO 2007/049095, WO 2007/057781, WO 2008/010093 and WO2009095793 (Cellectis) and in (Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006)) is fused to various nuclease domains to create a bi-functional meganuclease. To obtain maximal activity, 31 different linkers are tested ranging in size from 3 to 26 amino acids (Table 1). Fusions are made using 18 different catalytic domains (Table 2) that are chosen based on their having essentially non-specific nuclease activity. Altogether, a library of 1116 different constructs are created via fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the engineered single-chain I-CreI-derived meganuclease, generating a collection of potential bi-functional meganucleases. Expression of these chimeric meganucleases are driven by a CMV promoter and a polyA signal sequence. The activity of each chimeric protein is assessed using our yeast assay previously described in International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in (Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006). To monitor DNA cleavage activity resulting from the addition of the new catalytic domain, an I-CreI DNA target sequence is selected that can be bound but not cleaved by the wild-type meganuclease. This target contains 4-nucleotide substitutions at positions—2 to +2 (FIG. 3). Enzymes exhibiting cleavage activity are then tested following protocols described in example 1, except that the target plasmid carried only one cleavage site for the I-CreI meganuclease.

To further validate the high rate of site-specific mutagenesis induced by a bi-functional chimeric endonuclease, the same strategy is applied to an engineered single-chain meganuclease designed to cleave the human RAG1 gene as described in International PCT Applications WO2003078619, WO 2008/010093 and WO2009095793. The bi-functional meganuclease is tested for its ability to induced NHEJ-driven mutation at its endogenous cognate recognition site. The mutagenesis activity is quantified by high-throughput sequencing of PCR products as described in example 1. PCR amplification is performed on genomic DNA extracted from meganuclease-transfected cells using appropriate primers.

The bi-functional meganucleases displayed an increased mutation rate since the intervening sequence is deleted, thereby preventing “scarless” re-ligation of DNA ends through NHEJ.

TABLE 1  sequence of linkers used to fuse the catalytic domains to meganucleases Amino Size SEQ Name (PDB) Acids Length (Da) Sequence ID NO 1a8h_1 285-287 3 6.636 NVG 7 1dnpA_1 130-133 4 7.422 DSVI 8 1d8cA_2 260-263 4 8.782 IVEA 9 1ckqA_3 169-172 4 9.91 LEGS 10 1sbp_1 93-96 4 10.718 YTST 11 1ev7A_1 169-173 5 11.461 LQENL 12 1alo_3 360-364 5 12.051 VGRQP 13 1amf_1 81-85 5 13.501 LGNSL 14 1adjA_3 323-328 6 14.835 LPEEKG 15 1fcdC_1 76-81 6 14.887 QTYQPA 16 1al3_2 265-270 6 15.485 FSHSTT 17 1g3p_1  99-105 7 17.903 GYTYINP 18 1acc_3 216-222 7 19.729 LTKYKSS 19 1ahjB_1 106-113 8 17.435 SRPSESEG 20 1acc_1 154-161 8 18.776 PELKQKSS 21 1af7_1 89-96 8 22.502 LTTNLTAF 22 1heiA_1 322-330 9 13.534 TATPPGSVT 23 1bia_2 268-276 9 16.089 LDNFINRPV 24 1igtB_1 111-119 9 19.737 VSSAKTTAP 25 1nfkA_1 239-248 10 13.228 DSKAPNASNL 26 1au7A_1 103-112 10 20.486 KRRTTISIAA 27 1bpoB_1 138-148 11 21.645 PVKMFDRHSSL 28 1b0pA_2 625-635 11 26.462 APAETKAEPMT 29 1c05A_2 135-148 14 23.819 YTRLPERSELPAEI 30 1gcb_1 57-70 14 27.39 VSTDSTPVTNQKSS 31 1bt3A_1 38-51 14 28.818 YKLPAVTTMKVRPA 32 1b3oB_2 222-236 15 20.054 IARTDLKKNRDYPLA 33 16vpA_6 312-332 21 23.713 TEEPGAPLTTPPTLHGNQARA 34 1dhx_1  81-101 21 42.703 ARFTLAVGDNRVLDMASTYFD 35 1b8aA_1  95-120 26 31.305 IVVLNRAETPLPLDPTGKVKAELDTR 36 1qu6A_1  79-106 28 51.301 ILNKEKKAVSPLLLTTTNSSEGLSMGNY 37 NFS1 — 20 — GSDITKSKISEKMKGQGPSG 78 NFS2 — 23 — GSDITKSKISEKMKGLGPDGRKA 79 CFS1 — 10 — SLTKSKISGS 80 RM2 — 32 — AAGGSALTAGALSLTAGALSLTAGALSGGGGS 94 BQY — 25 — AAGASSVSASGHIAPLSLPSSPPSVGS 95 QGPSG — 5 — QGPSG 67 LGPDGRKA — 8 — LGPDGRKA 68

TABLE 2  sequences of the catalytic domains fused to meganucleases. DATABASE SEQ ID reference Name NO SEQUENCE GenBank: ACC85607.1 MmeI 38 alswneirrkaiefskrwedasdensqakpflidffevfgitn krvatfehavkkfakahkeqsrgfvdlfwpgilliemksrgk dldkaydqaldyfsgiaerdlpryvlvcdfqrfrltdlitkesve fllkdlyqnvrsfgfiagyqtqvikpqd GenBank: EAJ03172.1 EsaSSII 39 aalsfpeirtrlqafakqwkqaerenadaklfwarfyecfgir pesatiyekavdkldgsrgfidsfipgllivehkskgkdlnsaf tqasdyftalaegerpryiivsdfarfrlydlktdtqveckladis khagwfrflvegeatpeivees NCBI Reference CstMI 40 vmapttvfdratirhnltefldrwldrikqweaenrpatessh Sequence: NP_862240.1 dqqfwgdlldcfgvnardlylyqrsakrastgrtgkidmfm pgkvigeakslgvplddayaqaldyllggtianshmpayvv csnfetlrvtrlnrtyvgdsadwditfplaeidehieqlaflady etsayreee GenBank: CAA45962.1 NucA 41 qvppltelspsisvhlllgnpsgatptkltpdnylmvknqyal synnskgtanwvawqlnsswlgnaerqdnfrpdktlpagw vrvtpsmysgsgydrghiapsadrtkttednaatflmtnmm pqtpdnuntwgnledycrelvsqgkelyivagpngslgkp lkgkvtvpkstwkivvvldspgsglegitantrviavnipnd pelnndwraykvsvdelesltgydflsnvspniqtsieskvd n P25736 (END1_ECOLI), EndA Escherichia 42 eginsfsqakaaavkvhadapgtfycgckinwqgkkgvvd UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot coli lqscgyqvrknenrasrvewehvvpawqfghqrqcwqdg grkncakdpvyrkmesdmhnlqpsvgevngdrgnfmys qwnggegqygqcamkvdfkekaaepparargaiartyfy mrdqynltlsrqqtqlfnawnkmypvtdwecerderiakv qgnhnpyvqracqarks P37994 (NUCM_DICD3), NucM 43 aagqdinnftqakaaaakihqdapgtfycgckinwqgkkgt UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot pdlascgyqvrkdanrasriewehvvpawqfghqrqcwq dggrknctkddvyrqietdlhnlqpaigevngdrgnfmysq wnggerqygqcemkidfksqlaepperargaiartyfymr drynlnlsrqqtqlfdawnkqypattwectrekriaavqgnh npyvqqacspdaapyynglslimiaavatvaarwltpaghl psd P0A3S3 (NUCE_STRPN), EndA Streptococcus 44 ikqmpsapnspktnlsqkkgaseapsqalaesvltdavksqi UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot pneumonia kgslewngsgafivngnktnldakvsskpyadnktktvgke typtvanallskatrqyknrketgngstswtppgwhqvknlk gsythavdrghllgyaliggldgfdastsnpkniavqtawan qaqaeystgqnyyeskyrkaldqnkrvryrvtlyyasnedlv psasqieakssdgelefnvlvpnvqkglqldyrtgevtvtq P00644 (NUC_STAAU), SNase 45 atstkklhkepatlikaidgdtvklmykgqpmtfrlllvdtpet UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Staphylococcus khpkkgvekygpeasaftkkmvenakkievefdkgqrtdk aureus ygrglayiyadgkmvnealvrqglakvayvykpnntheqh lrkseaqakkeklniwsednadsgq P43270 (NUC_STAHY), SNase 46 gpfksaglsnaneqtykvirvidgdtiivdkdgkqqnlrmig UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Staphylococcus vdtpetvkpntpvqpygkeasdftkrhltnqkvrleydkqek hyicus drygrtlayvwlgkemfneklakeglarakfyrpnykyqeri eqaqkqaqklkkniwsn P29769 (NUC_SHIFL), SNase Shigella 47 wadfrgevvrildgdtidvlvnrqfirvrladidapesgqafgs UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot flexneri rarqrladltfrqevqvtekevdrygrtlgvvyaplqypggqt qltninaimvqegmawayryygkptdaqmyeyekearrq rlglwsdpnagepwkwrrasknatn P94492 (YNCB_BACSU), Bacillus subtilis 48 cgsnhaaknhsdsngteqvsqdthsneynqteqkagtphsk UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot yncB nqkklvnvtldraidgdtikviyngkkdtvryllvdtpetkkp nscvqpygedaskrnkelvnsgklqlefdkgdrrkygrlla yvyydgksvqetllkeglarvayvyepntkyidqfrldeqea ksdklsiwsksgyvtnrgfngcvk P00641 (ENRN_BPT7), Endodeoxyribonuclease 49 agygakgirkvgafrsgledkvskqleskgikfeyeewkvp UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot 1 Enterobacteria yvipasnhtytpdfllpngifvetkglwesddrkkhllireqh phage T7 peldirivfsssrtklykgsptsygefcekhgikfadklipaew ikepkkevpfdrlkrkggkk P38447 (NUCG_BOVIN), EndoG bovine 50 aglpavpgapagggpgelakyglpgvaqlksrasyvlcydp UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot rtrgalwvveqlrpeglrgdgnrsscdfheddsvhayhratn adyrgsgfdrghlaaaanhrwsqkamddtfylsnvapqvp hlnqnawnnlekysrsltrtyqnvyvctgplflprteadgksy vkyqvigknhvavpthffkvlileaaggqielrsyvmpnap vdeaiplehflvpiesierasgllfvpnilaragslkaitagsk Q56239 (MUTS_THET8), ttSmr DNA 51 ggyggvkmegmlkgegpgplppllqqyvelrdrypdylll UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot mismatch repair fqvgdfyecfgedaerlaralglvlthktskdfttpmagipira protein mutS fdayaerllkmgfrlavadqvepaeeaeglvrrevtqlltpgtl t Q53H47(SETMR_HUMAN),  Cleavage domain of 52 hlkqigkvkkldkwvpheltenqknrrfevssslilrnhnepf UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Metnase ldrivtcdekwilydnrrrsaqwldqeeapkhfpkpilhpkk vmvtiwwsaaglihysflnpgetitsekyaqeidemnqklq rlqlalvnrkgpillhdnarphvaqptlqklnelgyevlphpp yspdllptnyhvfkhlnnflqgkrfhnqqdaenafqefvesq stdfyatginqlisrwqkcvdcngsyfd GenBank: AAF19759.1 Vvn 53 appssfsaakqqavkiyqdhpisfycgcdiewqgkkgipnl etcgyqvrkqqtrasriewehvvpawqfghhrqcwqkggr kncskndqqfrlmeadlhnltpaigevngdrsnfnfsqwng vdgvsygrcemqvnfkqrkvmppdrargsiartylymsqe ygfqlskqqqqlmqawnksypvdewectrddriakiqgn hnpfvqqscqtq Q47112 (CEA7_ECOLX), ColE7 nuclease 54 Krnkpgkatgkgkpvnnkwlnnagkdlgspvpdrianklr UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot domain dkefksfddfrkkfweevskdpelskqfsrnnndrmkvgk apktrtqdvsgkrtsfelhhekpisqnggvydmdnisvvtp krhidihrgk P34081 (HMUI_BPSP1), I-HmuI 55 mewkdikgyeghyqvsntgevysiksgktlkhqipkdgy UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot hriglfkggkgktfqvhrlvaihfcegyeeglvvdhkdgnkd nnlstnlrwvtqkinvenqmsrgtlnvskaqqiakiknqkpi ivispdgiekeypstkcaceelgltrgkvtdvlkghrihhkgy tfryklng P13299 (TEV1_BPT4), I-TevI 56 ksgiyqikntlnnkvyvgsakdfekrwkrhfkdlekgchssi UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot  klqrsfnkhgnvfecsileeipyekdliierenfwikelnskin gyniadatfgdtcsthplkeeiiklasetvkakmlklgpdgrk alyskpgskngrwnpethkfckcgvriqtsaytcskcrnr Q38419 (TEV3_BPR03), I-TevIII 57 nyrkiwidangpipkdsdgrtdeihhkdgnrenndldnlm UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot clsiqehydihlaqkdyqachaiklrmkyspeeiselaskaa ksreiqifnipevrakniasikskiengtfhlldgeiqrksnlnr valgihnfqqaehiakvk

TABLE 3  sequences of the catalytic domains fused to meganucleases. GENBANK/ SWISS- PROT SEQ ID NAME ID NO FASTA SEQUENCE ACC85607.1 MmeI 96 >gi|186469979|gb|ACC85607.1| MmeI [Methylophilus methylotrophus] MALSWNEIRRKAIEFSKRWEDASDENSQAKPFLIDFFEVFGITNKRVATFEHAVKKF AKAHKEQSRGFVDLFWPGILLIEMKSRGKDLDKAYDQALDYFSGIAERDLPRYVLVC DFQRFRLTDLITKESVEFLLKDLYQNVRSFGFIAGYQTQVIKPQDPINIKAAERMGK LHDTLKLVGYEGHALELYLVRLLFCLFAEDTTIFEKSLFQEYIETKTLEDGSDLAHH INTLFYVLNTPEQKRLKNLDEHLAAFPYINGKLFEEPLPPAQFDKAMREALLDLCSL DWSRISPAIFGSLFQSIMDAKKRRNLGAHYTSEANILKLIKPLFLDELWVEFEKVKN NKNKLLAFHKKLRGLTFFDPACGCGNFLVITYRELRLLEIEVLRGLHRGGQQVLDIE HLIQINVDQFFGIEIEEFPAQIAQVALWLTDHQMNMKISDEFGNYFARIPLKSTPHI LNANALQIDWNDVLEAKKCCFILGNPPFVGKSKQTPGQKADLLSVFGNLKSASDLDL VAAWYPKAAHYIQTNANIRCAFVSTNSITQGEQVSLLWPLLLSLGIKINFAHRTFSW TNEASGVAAVHCVIIGFGLKDSDEKIIYEYESINGEPLAIKAKNINPYLRDGVDVIA CKRQQPISKLPSMRYGNKPTDDGNFLFTDEEKNQFITNEPSSEKYFRRFVGGDEFIN NTSRWCLWLDGADISEIRAMPLVLARIKKVQEFRLKSSAKPTRQSASTPMKFFYISQ PDTDYLLIPETSSENRQFIPIGFVDRNVISSNATYHIPSAEPLIFGLLSSTMHNCWM RNVGGRLESRYRYSASLVYNTFPWIQPNEKQSKAIEEAAFAILKARSNYPNESLAGL YDPKTMPSELLKAHQKLDKAVDSVYGFKGPNTEIARIAFLFETYQKMTSLLPPEKEI KKSKGKN Q47112.2 Colicin-E7 97 >gi|12644448|sp|Q47112.2|CEA7_ECOLX RecName: (CEA7_ECOLX) Full = Colicin-E7 MSGGDGRGHNSGAHNTGGNINGGPTGLGGNGGASDGSGWSSENNPWGGGSGSGVHWG GGSGHGNGGGNSNSGGGSNSSVAAPMAFGFPALAAPGAGTLGISVSGEALSAAIADI FAALKGPFKFSAWGIALYGILPSEIAKDDPNMMSKIVTSLPAETVTNVQVSTLPLDQ ATVSVTKRVTDVVKDTRQHIAVVAGVPMSVPVVNAKPTRTPGVFHASFPGVPSLTVS TVKGLPVSTTLPRGITEDKGRTAVPAGFTFGGGSHEAVIRFPKESGQKPVYVSVTDV LTPAQVKQRQDEEKRLQQEWNDAHPVEVAERNYEQARAELNQANKDVARNQERQAKA VQVYNSRKSELDAANKTLADAKAEIKQFERFAREPMAAGHRMWQMAGLKAQRAQTDV NNKKAAFDAAAKEKSDADVALSSALERRKQKENKEKDAKAKLDKESKRNKPGKATGK GKPVNNKWLNNAGKDLGSPVPDRIANKLRDKEFKSFDDFRKKFWEEVSKDPELSKQF SRNNNDRMKVGKAPKTRTQDVSGKRTSFELHHEKPISQNGGVYDMDNISVVTPKRHI DIHRGK CAA38134.1 EndA 98 >gi|47374|emb|CAA38134.1| EndA [Streptococcus pneumoniae] MNKKTRQTLIGLLVLLLLSTGSYYIKQMPSAPNSPKTNLSQKKQASEAPSQALAESV LTDAVKSQIKGSLEWNGSGAFIVNGNKTNLDAKVSSKPYADNKTKTVGKETVPTVAN ALLSKATRQYKNRKETGNGSTSWTPPGWHQVKNLKGSYTHAVDRGHLLGYALIGGLD GFDASTSNPKNIAVQTAWANQAQAEYSTGQNYYESKVRKALDQNKRVRYRVTLYYAS NEDLVPSASQIEAKSSDGELEFNVLVPNVQKGLQLDYRTGEVTVTQ P25736.1 Endo I 99 >gi|119325|sp|P25736.1|END1_ECOLI RecName: (END1_ECOLI) Full = Endonuclease-1; AltName: Full = Endonuclease I; Short = Endo I; Flags: Precursor MYRYLSIAAVVLSAAFSGPALAEGINSFSQAKAAAVKVHADAPGTFYCGCKINWQGK KGVVDLQSCGYQVRKNENRASRVEWEHVVPAWQFGHQRQCWQDGGRKNCAKDPVYRK MESDMHNLQPSVGEVNGDRGNFMYSQWNGGEGQYGQCAMKVDFKEKAAEPPARARGA IARTYFYMRDQYNLTLSRQQTQLFNAWNKMYPVTDWECERDERIAKVQGNHNPYVQR ACQARKS Q14249.4 Human Endo 100 >gi|317373579|sp|Q14249.4|NUCG_HUMAN RecName: G Full = Endonuclease G, mitochondrial; Short = Endo G; Flags: (NUCG_HUMAN) Precursor MRALRAGLTLASGAGLGAVVEGWRRRREDARAAPGLLGRLPVLPVAAAAELPPVPGG PRGPGELAKYGLPGLAQLKSRESYVLCYDPRTRGALWVVEQLRPERLRGDGDRRECD FREDDSVHAYHRATNADYRGSGFDRGHLAAAANHRWSQKAMDDTFYLSNVAPQVPHL NQNAWNNLEKYSRSLTRSYQNVYVCTGPLFLPRTEADGKSYVKYQVIGKNHVAVPTH FFKVLILEAAGGQIELRTYVMPNAPVDEAIPLERFLVPIESIERASGLLFVPNILAR AGSLKAITAGSK P38447.1 Bovine Endo 101 >gi|585596|sp|P38447.1|NUCG_BOVIN RecName: G Full = Endonuclease G, mitochondrial; Short = Endo G; Flags: (NUCG_BOVIN) Precursor MQLLRAGLTLALGAGLGAAAESWWRQRADARATPGLLSRLPVLPVAAAAGLPAVPGA PAGGGPGELAKYGLPGVAQLKSRASYVLCYDPRTRGALWVVEQLRPEGLRGDGNRSS CDFHEDDSVHAYHRATNADYRGSGFDRGHLAAAANHRWSQKAMDDTFYLSNVAPQVP HLNQNAWNNLEKYSRSLTRTYQNVYVCTGPLFLPRTEADGKSYVKYQVIGKNHVAVP THFFKVLILEAAGGQIELRSYVMPNAPVDEAIPLEHFLVPIESIERASGLLFVPNIL ARAGSLKAITAGSK AAW33811.1 R.HinP1I 102 >gi|57116674|gb|AAW33811.1| R.HinP1I restriction endonuclease [Haemophilus influenzae] MNLVELGSKTAKDGFKNEKDIADRFENWKENSEAQDWLVTMGHNLDEIKSVKAVVLS GYKSDINVQVLVFYKDALDIHNIQVKLVSNKRGFNQIDKHWLAHYQEMWKFDDNLLR ILRHFTGELPPYHSNTKDKRRMFMTEFSQEEQNIVLNWLEKNRVLVLTDILRGRGDF AAEWVLVAQKVSNNARWILRNINEVLQHYGSGDISLSPRGSINFGRVTIQRKGGDNG RETANMLQFKIDPTELFDI AAO93095.1 I-BasI 103 >gi|29838473|gb|AAO93095.1| I-Basi [Bacillus phage Bastille] MFQEEWKDVTGFEDYYEVSNKGRVASKRTGVIMAQYKINSGYLCIKFTVNKKRTSHL VHRLVAREFCEGYSPELDVNHKDTDRMNNNYDNLEWLTRADNLKDVRERGKLNTHTA REALAKVSKKAVDVYTKDGSEYIATYPSATEAAEALGVQGAKISTVCHGKRQHTGGY HFKFNSSVDPNRSVSKK AAK09365.1 I-BmoI 104 >gi|12958590|gb|AAK09365.1|AF321518_2 intron encoded I- BmoI [Bacillus mojavensis] MKSGVYKITNKNTGKFYIGSSEDCESRLKVHFRNLKNNRHINRYLNNSFNKHGEQVF IGEVIHILPIEEAIAKEQWYIDNFYEEMYNISKSAYHGGDLTSYHPDKRNIILKRAD SLKKVYLKMTSEEKAKRWQCVQGENNPMFGRKHTETTKLKISNHNKLYYSTHKNPFK GKKHSEESKTKLSEYASQRVGEKNPFYGKTHSDEFKTYMSKKFKGRKPKNSRPVIID GTEYESATEASRQLNVVPATILHRIKSKNEKYSGYFYK P34081.1 I-HmuI 105 >gi|465641|sp|P34081.1|HMUI_BPSP1 RecName: Full = DNA endonuclease I-HmuI; AltName: Full = HNH homing endonuclease I-HmuI MEWKDIKGYEGHYQVSNTGEVYSIKSGKTLKHQIPKDGYHRIGLFKGGKGKTFQVHR LVAIHFCEGYEEGLVVDHKDGNKDNNLSTNLRWVTQKINVENQMSRGTLNVSKAQQI AKIKNQKPIIVISPDGIEKEYPSTKCACEELGLTRGKVTDVLKGHRIHHKGYTFRYK LNG P13299.2 I-TevI 106 >gi|6094464|sp|P13299.2|TEV1_BPT4 RecName: Full = Intron- associated endonuclease 1; AltName: Full = I-TevI; AltName: Full = IRF protein MKSGIYQIKNTLNNKVYVGSAKDFEKRWKRHFKDLEKGCHSSIKLQRSFNKHGNVFE CSILEEIPYEKDLIIERENFWIKELNSKINGYNIADATFGDTCSTHPLKEEIIKKRS ETVKAKMLKLGPDGRKALYSKPGSKNGRWNPETHKFCKCGVRIQTSAYTCSKCRNRS GENNSFFNHKHSDITKSKISEKMKGKKPSNIKKISCDGVIFDCAADAARHFKISSGL VTYRVKSDKWNWFYINA P07072.2 I-TevII 107 >gi|20141823|sp|P07072.2|TEV2_BPT4 RecName: Full = Intron- associated endonuclease 2; AltName: Full = I-TevII MKWKLRKSLKIANSVAFTYMVRFPDKSFYIGFKKFKTIYGKDTNWKEYNSSSKLVKE KLKDYKAKWIILQVFDSYESALKHEEMLIRKYFNNEFILNKSIGGYKFNKYPDSEEH KQKLSNAHKGKILSLKHKDKIREKLIEHYKNNSRSEAHVKNNIGSRTAKKTVSIALK SGNKFRSFKSAAKFLKCSEEQVSNHPNVIDIKITIHPVPEYVKINDNIYKSFVDAAK DLKLHPSRIKDLCLDDNYPNYIVSYKRVEK Q38419.1 I-TevIII 108 >gi|11387192|sp|Q38419.1|TEV3_BPR03 RecName: Full = Intron- associated endonuclease 3; AltName: Full = I-TevIII MNYRKIWIDANGPIPKDSDGRTDEIHHKDGNRENNDLDNLMCLSIQEHYDIHLAQKD YQACHAIKLRMKYSPEEISELASKAAKSREIQIFNIPEVRAKNIASIKSKIENGTFH LLDGEIQRKSNLNRVALGIHNFQQAEHIAKVKERNIAAIKEGTHVFCGGKMQSETQS KRVNDGSHHFLSEDHKKRTSAKTLEMVKNGTHPAQKEITCDFCGHIGKGPGFYLKHN DRCKLNPNRIQLNCPYCDKKDLSPSTYKRWHGDNCKARFND AAM00817.1 I-TwoI 109 >gi|19881200|gb|AAM00817.1|AF485060_2 HNH endonuclease I- TwoI [Staphylococcus phage Twort] MEELWKEIPGFNSYMISNKGQVYSRKRNKILALRTDKNGYKRISIFNNEGKRILLGV HKLVLLGFKGINTEKPIPHHKNNIKDDNRLENLEWVTVSENTKHAYDIGALKSPRRV TCTLYYKGEPLSCYDSLFDLAKALKVSRSVIESPRNGLVLSTFEVKREPTIQGLPLN KEIFEHSLIKGLGNPPLKVYNEDETYYFLTLMDISKYFNESYSKVQRGYYKGKWKSY IIEHIDEYEYYKQTH P11405.1 R.MspI 110 >gi|135239|sp|P11405.1|T2M1_MORSP RecName: Full = Type-2 restriction enzyme MspI; Short = R.MspI; AltName: Full = Endonuclease MspI; AltName: Full = Type II restriction enzyme MspI MRTELLSKLYDDFGIDQLPHTQHGVTSDRLGKLYEKYILDIFKDIESLKKYNTNAFP QEKDISSKLLKALNLDLDNIIDVSSSDTDLGRTIAGGSPKTDATIRFTFHNQSSRLV PLNIKHSSKKKVSIAEYDVETICTGVGISDGELKELIRKHQNDQSAKLFTPVQKQRL  TELLEPYRERFIRWCVTLRAEKSEGNILHPDLLIRFQVIDREYVDVTIKNIDDYVSD RIAEGSKARKPGFGTGLNWTYASGSKAKKMQFKG R.MvaI R.MvaI 111 >gi|119392963|gb|AAM03024.2|AF472612_1 R.MvaI [Kocuria varians] MSEYLNLLKEAIQNVVDGGWHETKRKGNTGIGKTFEDLLEKEEDNLDAPDFHDIEIK THETAAKSLLTLFTKSPTNPRGANTMLRNRYGKKDEYGNNILHQTVSGNRKTNSNSY NYDFKIDIDWESQVVRLEVFDKQDIMIDNSVYWSFDSLQNQLDKKLKYIAVISAESK IENEKKYYKYNSANLFTDLTVQSLCRGIENGDIKVDIRIGAYHSGKKKGKTHDHGTA FRINMEKLLEYGEVKVIV CAA45962.1 NucA 112 >gi|39041|emb|CAA45962.1|NucA [Nostoc sp. PCC 7120] MGICGKLGVAALVALIVGCSPVQSQVPPLTELSPSISVHLLLGNPSGATPTKLTPDN YLMVKNQYALSYNNSKGTANWVAWQLNSSWLGNAERQDNFRPDKTLPAGWVRVTPSM YSGSGYDRGHIAPSADRTKTTEDNAATFLMTNMMPQTPDNNRNTWGNLEDYCRELVS QGKELYIVAGPNGSLGKPLKGKVTVPKSTWKIVVVLDSPGSGLEGITANTRVIAVNI PNDPELNNDWRAYKVSVDELESLTGYDFLSNVSPNIQTSIESKVDN P37994.2  NucM 113 >gi|313104150|sp|P37994.2|NUCM_DICD3 RecName: Full = Nuclease nucM; Flags: Precursor MLRNLVIFAVLGAGLTTLAAAGQDINNFTQAKAAAAKIHQDAPGTFYCGCKINWQGK KGTPDLASCGYQVRKDANRASRIEWEHVVPAWQFGHQRQCWQDGGRKNCTKDDVYRQ IETDLHNLQPAIGEVNGDRGNFMYSQWNGGERQYGQCEMKIDFKSQLAEPPERARGA IARTYFYMRDRYNLNLSRQQTQLFDAWNKQYPATTWECTREKRIAAVQGNHNPYVQQ ACQP AAF19759.1 Vvn 114 >gi|6635279|gb|AAF19759.1|AF063303_1 nuclease precursor Vvn [Vibrio vulnificus] MKRLFIFIASFTAFAIQAAPPSSFSAAKQQAVKIYQDHPISFYCGCDIEWQGKKGIP NLETCGYQVRKQQTRASRIEWEHVVPAWQFGHHRQCWQKGGRKNCSKNDQQFRLMEA DLHNLTPAIGEVNGDRSNFNFSQWNGVDGVSYGRCEMQVNFKQRKVMPQTELRGSIA RTYLYMSQEYGFQLSKQQQQLMQAWNKSYPVDEWECTRDDRIAKIQGNHNPFVQQSC QTQ AAF19759.1 Vvn_CLS 115 >Vvn_CLS (variant of AAF19759.1) (reference) MASGAPPSSFSAAKQQAVKIYQDHPISFYCGCDIEWQGKKGIPNLETCGYQVRKQQT RASRIEWEHVVPAWQFGHHRQCWQKGGRKNCSKNDQQFRLMEADLHNLTPAIGEVNG DRSNFNFSQWNGVDGVSYGRCEMQVNFKQRKVMPPDRARGSIARTYLYMSQEYGFQL SKQQQQLMQAWNKSYPVDEWECTRDDRIAKIQGNHNPFVQQSCQTQGSSAD P00644.1  Staphylococcal 116 >gi|128852|sp|P00644.1|NUC_STAAU RecName: nuclease Full = Thermonuclease; Short = TNase; AltName: (NUC_STAAU) Full = Micrococcal nuclease; AltName: Full = Staphylococcal nuclease; Contains: RecName: Full = Nuclease B; Contains: RecName: Full = Nuclease A; Flags: Precursor MLVMTEYLLSAGICMAIVSILLIGMAISNVSKGQYAKRFFFFATSCLVLTLVVVSSL SSSANASQTDNGVNRSGSEDPTVYSATSTKKLHKEPATLIKAIDGDTVKLMYKGQPM TFRLLLVDTPETKHPKKGVEKYGPEASAFTKKMVENAKKIEVEFDKGQRTDKYGRGL AYIYADGKMVNEALVRQGLAKVAYVYKPNNTHEQHLRKSEAQAKKEKLNIWSEDNAD SGQ P43270.1 Staphylococcal 117 >gi|1171859|sp|P43270.1|NUC_STAHY RecName: nuclease Full = Thermonuclease; Short = TNase; AltName: (NUC_STAHY) Full = Micrococcal nuclease; AltName: Full = Staphylococcal nuclease; Flags: Precursor MKKITTGLIIVVAAIIVLSIQFMTESGPFKSAGLSNANEQTYKVIRVIDGDTIIVDK DGKQQNLRMIGVDTPETVKPNTPVQPYGKEASDFTKRHLTNQKVRLEYDKQEKDRYG RTLAYVWLGKEMFNEKLAKEGLARAKFYRPNYKYQERIEQAQKQAQKLKKNIWSN P29769.1 Micrococcal 118 >gi|266681|sp|P29769.1|NUC_SHIFL RecName: nuclease Full = Micrococcal nuclease; Flags: Precursor (NUC_SHIFL) MKSALAALRAVAAAVVLIVSVPAWADFRGEVVRILDGDTIDVLVNRQTIRVRLADID APESGQAFGSRARQRLADLTFRQEVQVTEKEVDRYGRTLGVVYAPLQYPGGQTQLTN INAIMVQEGMAWAYRYYGKPTDAQMYEYEKEARRQRLGLWSDPNAQEPWKWRRASKN ATN P94492.1 Endonuclease 119 >gi|81345826|sp||YNCB_BACSU RecName: Full = Endonuclease yncB yncB; Flags: Precursor MKKILISMIAIVLSITLAACGSNHAAKNHSDSNGTEQVSQDTHSNEYNQTEQKAGTP HSKNQKKLVNVTLDRAIDGDTIKVIYNGKKDTVRYLLVDTPETKKPNSCVQPYGEDA SKRNKELVNSGKLQLEFDKGDRRDKYGRLLAYVYVDGKSVQETLLKEGLARVAYVYE PNTKYIDQFRLDEQEAKSDKLSIWSKSGYVTNRGFNGCVK P00641.1 Endodeoxyri 120 >gi|119370|sp|P00641.1|ENRN_BPT7 RecName: bonuclease I Full = Endodeoxyribonuclease I; AltName: (ENRN_BPT7) Full = Endodeoxyribonuclease I; Short = Endonuclease MAGYGAKGIRKVGAFRSGLEDKVSKQLESKGIKFEYEEWKVPYVIPASNHTYTPDFL LPNGIFVETKGLWESDDRKKHLLIREQHPELDIRIVFSSSRTKLYKGSPTSYGEFCE KHGIKFADKLIPAEWIKEPKKEVPFDRLKRKGGKK Q53H47.1 Metnase 121 >gi|74740552|sp|Q53H47.1|SETMR_HUMAN RecName: Full = Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETMAR; AltName: Full = SET domain and mariner transposase fusion gene- containing protein; Short = HsMar1; Short = Metnase; Includes: RecName: Full = Histone-lysine N- methyltransferase; Includes: RecName: Full = Mariner transposase Hsmar1 MAEFKEKPEAPTEQLDVACGQENLPVGAWPPGAAPAPFQYTPDHVVGPGADIDPTQI TFPGCICVKTPCLPGTCSCLRHGENYDDNSCLRDIGSGGKYAEPVFECNVLCRCSDH CRNRVVQKGLQFHFQVFKTHKKGWGLRTLEFIPKGRFVCEYAGEVLGFSEVQRRIHL QTKSDSNYIIAIREHVYNGQVMETFVDPTYIGNIGRFLNHSCEPNLLMIPVRIDSMV PKLALFAAKDIVPEEELSYDYSGRYLNLTVSEDKERLDHGKLRKPCYCGAKSCTAFL PFDSSLYCPVEKSNISCGNEKEPSMCGSAPSVFPSCKRLTLETMKMMLDKKQIRAIF LFEFKMGRKAAETTRNINNAFGPGTANERTVQWWFKKFCKGDESLEDEERSGRPSEV DNDQLRAIIEADPLTTTREVAEELNVNHSTVVRHLKQIGKVKKLDKWVPHELTENQK NRRFEVSSSLILRNHNEPFLDRIVTCDEKWILYDNRRRSAQWLDQEEAPKHFPKPIL HPKKVMVTIWWSAAGLIHYSFLNPGETITSEKYAQEIDEMNQKLQRLQLALVNRKGP ILLHDNARPHVAQPTLQKLNELGYEVLPHPPYSPDLLPTNYHVFKHLNNFLQGKRFH NQQDAENAFQEFVESQSTDFYATGINQLISRWQKCVDCNGSYFD ABD15132.1 Nb.BsrDI 122 >gi|86757493|gb|ABD15132.1| Nb.BsrDI [Geobacillus stearothermophilus] MTEYDLHLYADSFHEGHWCCENLAKIAQSDGGKHQIDYLQGFIPRHSLIFSDLIINI TVFGSYKSWKHLP KQIKDLLFWGKPDFIAYDPKNDKILFAVEETGAVPTGNQALQRCERIYGSARKQIPF WYLLSEFGQHKDGGTRRDSIWPTIMGLKLTQLVKTPSIILHYSDINNPEDYNSGNGL KFLFKSLLQIIINYCTLKNPLKGMLELLSIQYENMLEFIKSQWKEQIDFLPGEEILN TKTKELARMYASLAIGQTVKIPEELFNWPRTDKVNFKSPQGLIKYDELCYQLEKAVG SKKAYCLSNNAGAKPQKLESLKEWINSQKKLFDKAPKLTPPAEFNMKLDAFPVTSNN NYYVTTSKNILYLFDYWKDLRIAIETAFPRLKGKLPTDIDEKPALIYICNSVKPGRL FGDPFTGQLSAFSTIFGKKNIDMPRIVVAYYPHQIYSQALPKNNKSNKGITLKKELT DFLIFHGGVVVKLNEGKAY ABD15133.1 BsrDI A 123 >gi|86757494|gb|ABD15133.1| BsrDI A [Geobacillus stearothermophilus] MTDYRYSFELSEEIARWAFEIKTKNTDWFVAFSNPTAGPWKRVMAIDKASNREGEVH RFGREDERPDIILVNDNISLILILEAKEKLNQLISKSQVDKSVDVFLTLSSILKEKS DNNYWGDRTKYINVLGILWGSEQETSQKDIDNAFRVYRDSLVKNLKEINPTPTNICT DILVGVESIKNKKEEISIKIHVSNIYAEIYPKFTGKHLLEKLAVLN ABN42182.1 Nt.BspD6I 124 >gi|125396996|gb|ABN42182.1| heterodimeric restriction (R.BspD6I endonuclease R.BspD6I large subunit [Bacillus sp. D6] large subunit) MAKKVNWYVSCSPRSPEKIQPELKVLANFEGSYWKGVKGYKAQEAFAKELAALPQFL GTTYKKEAAFSTRDRVAPMKTYGFVFVDEEGYLRITEAGKMLANNRRPKDVFLKQLV KWQYPSFQHKGKEYPEEEWSINPLVFVLSLLKKVGGLSKLDIAMFCLTATNNNQVDE IAEEIMQFRNEREKIKGQNKKLEFTENYFFKRFEKIYGNVGKIREGKSDSSHKSKIE TKMRNARDVADATTRYFRYTGLFVARGNQLVLNPEKSDLIDEIISSSKVVKNYTRVE EFHEYYGNPSLPQFSFETKEQLLDLAHRIRDENTRLAEQLVEHFPNVKVEIQVLEDI YNSLNKKVDVETLKDVIYHAKELQLELKKKKLQADFNDPRQLEEVIDLLEVYHEKKN VIEEKIKARFIANKNTVFEWLTWNGFIILGNALEYKNNFVIDEELQPVTHAAGNQPD MEIIYEDFIVLGEVTTSKGATQFKMESEPVTRHYLNKKKELEKQGVEKELYCLFIAP EINKNTFEEFMKYNIVQNTRIIPLSLKQFNMLLMVQKKLIEKGRRLSSYDIKNLMVS LYRTTIECERKYTQIKAGLEETLNNWVVDKEVRF ABN42183.1 ss.BspD6I 125 >gi|125396997|gb|ABN42183.1| heterodimeric restriction (R.BspD6I endonuclease R.BspD6I small subunit small [Bacillus sp. D6] subunit) MQDILDFYEEVEKTINPPNYFEWNTYRVFKKLGSYKNLVPNFKLDDSGHPIGNAIPG VEDILVEYEHFSILIECSLTIGEKQLDYEGDSVVRHLQEYKKKGIEAYTLFLGKSID LSFARHIGFNKESEPVIPLTVDQFKKLVTQLKGDGEHFNPNKLKEILIKLLRSDLGY DQAEEWLTFIEYNLK AAK27215.1 R.PleI 126 >gi|13448813|gb|AAK27215.1|AF355461_2 restriction endonuclease R.PleI [Paucimonas lemoignei] MAKPIDSKVLFITTSPRTPEKMVPEIELLDKNFNGDVWNKDTQTAFMKILKEESFFD GEGKNDPAFSARDRINRAPKSLGFVILTPKLSLTDAGVELIKAKRKDDIFLRQMLKF QLPSPYHKLSDKAALFYVKPYLEIFRLVRHFGSLTFDELMIFGLQIIDFRIFNQIVD KIEDFRVGKIENKGRYKTYKKERFEEELGKIYKDELFGLTEASAKTLITKKGNNMRD YADACVRYLRATGMVNVSYQGKSLSIVQEKKEEVDFFLKNTEREPCFINDEASYVSY LGNPNYPKLFVDDVDRIKKKLRFDFKKTNKVNALTLPELKEELENEILSRKENILKS QISDIKNFKLYEDIQEVFEKIENDRTLSDAPLMLEWNTWRAMTMLDGGEIKANLKFD DFGSPMSTAIGNMPDIVCEYDDFQLSVEVTMASGQKQYEMEGEPVSRHLGKLKKSSE KPVYCLFIAPKINPSSVAHFFMSHKVDIEYYGGKSLIIPLELSVFRKMIEDTFKASY IPKSDNVHKLFKNFASIADEAGNEKVWYEGVKRTAMNWLSLS AAK39546.1 MlyI 127 >gi|13786046|gb|AAK39546.1|AF355462_2 MlyIR [Micrococcus lylae] MASLSKTKHLFGFTSPRTIEKIIPELDILSQQFSGKVWGENQINFFDAIFNSDFYEG TTYPQDPALAARDRITRAPKALGFIQLKPVIQLTKAGNQLVNQKRLPELFTKQLLKF QLPSPYHTQSPTVNFNVRPYLELLRLINELGSISKTEIALFFLQLVNYNKFDEIKNK ILKFRETRKNNRSVSWKTYVSQEFEKQISIIFADEVTAKNFRTRESSDESFKKFVKT KEGNMKDYADAFFRYIRGTQLVTIDKNLHLKISSLKQDSVDFLLKNTDRNALNLSLM EYENYLFDPDQLIVLEDNSGLINSKIKQLDDSINVESLKIDDAKDLLNDLEIQRKAK TIEDTVNHLKLRSDIEDILDVFAKIKKRDVPDVPLFLEWNIWRAFAALNHTQAIEGN FIVDLDGMPLNTAPGKKPDIEINYGSFSCIVEVTMSSGETQFNMEGSSVPRHYGDLV RKVDHDAYCIFIAPKVAPGTKAHFFNLNRLSTKHYGGKTKIIPMSLDDFICFLQVGI THNFQDINKLKNWLDNLINFNLESEDEEIWFEEIISKISTWAI YP_004134094.1 AlwI 128 >gi|319768594|ref|YP_004134094.1| restriction endonuclease, type II, AlwI [Geobacillus sp.Y412MC52] MNKKNTRKVWFITRPERDPRFHQEALLALQKATDDFRLKWAGNREVHKRYEEELANM GIKRNNVSHDGSGGRTWMAMLKTFSYCYVDDDGYIRLTKVGEKLIQGEKVYENTRKQ VLTLQYPNAYFLEPGFRPKFDEGFRIRPVLFLIKLANDERLDFYVTKEEITYFAMTA QKDSQLDEIVHKILAFRKAGPREREEMKQDIAAKFDHRERSDKGARDFYEAHSDVAH TFMLISDYTGLVEYIRGKALKGDSSKINEIKQEIAEIEKRYPFNTRYMISLERMAEN SGLDVDSYKASRYGNIKPAANSSKLRAKAERILAQFPSIESMSKEEIAGALQKYLSP RDIEKVIHEIVENKDDFEGINSDFVETYLNEKDNLAFEDKTGQIFSALGFDVAMRPK AKNGERTEIEIIARYGGSKFGIIDAKNYAGKFPLSSSLVSHMASEYIPNYTGYEGKE LTFFGYVTANDFSGERNLEKISDKAKRITGNPISGFLVTARTLLGFLDYCIENDVPL EDRAELFVKAVKNKGYKSLEALLRELKETI AAY97906.1 Mva12691 129 >gi|68480350|gb|AAY97906.1|Mva1269I restriction endonuclease [Kocuria varians] MYLNTAVFNIYGDNIVECSRAFHYILEGFKLANISITQEYDLQNITTPKFCIYTDKF RYIFIFIPGTSASRWNKDIYKELVLNNGGPLKEGADAIITRIFSEDSELVLASMEFS AALPAGNNTWQRSGRAYSLTAANIPYFYIVQLGGKEIKKGKDGKSDKFATRLPNPAL SLSFTLNTIKKPAPSLIVYDQAPEADSAISDLYSNCYGIDDFSLYLFKLITEENNLH ELKNIYNKNVEFLQLRSVDEKGKNFSGKDYKYIFEHKDPYKGLTEVVKERKIPWKKK TATKTFENFPLRNQAPIFRLIDFLSTKSYGIVSKDSLPLTFIPSEHRVEVANYICNQ LYIDKVSDEFVKWIYKKEDLAICIINGFKPGGDDSRPDRGLPPFTKMLTNLDILTLM FGPAPPTQWDYLDSDPEKLNKTNGLWQSIFAFSDAILVDSSTRDNNKFVYNAYLKEH WVVQREKKESNTPISYFPKSVGEHDVDTSLHILFTYIGKHFESACNPPGGDWSGVSL LKNNIEYRWTSMYRVSQDGTKRPDHIYQLVYNSTDTLLLIESKGIKNDLLKSKEANV GIGMINYLKNLMARDYTAVKKDGEWKNIHGQMTLDKFLTFSAVAYLFTTDFDNEYTS AAELLVHSNTQLAFALEIKEKNSVMHIFTANTVAYNFAEYLLETMRNSHLPLKIYKP I ADR72996.1 BsrI 130 >gi|313667100|gb|ADR72996.1| BsrI [Geobacillus stearothermophilus] MRNIRIYSEVKEQGIFFKEVIQSVLEKANVEVVLVNSAMLDYSDVSVISLIRNQKKF DLLVSEVRDKREIPIVMVEFSTAVTTDDHELQRADAMFWAYKYKIPYLKISPMEKKS QTADDKFGGGRLLSVNDQIIHMYRTDGVMYHIEWESMDNSAYVKNAELYPSCPDCAP ELASLFRCLLETIEKCENIEDYYRILLDKLGKQKVAVKWGNFREEKTLEQWKHEKFD LLERFSKSSSRMEYDKDKKELKIKVNRYGHAMDPERGILAFWKLVLGDEWKIVAEFQ LQRKTLKGRQSYQSLFDEVSQEEKLMNIASEIIKNGNVISPDKAIEIHKLATSSTMI STIDLGTPERKYITDDSLKGYLQHGLITNIYKNLLYYVDEIRFTDLQRKTIASLTWN KEIVNDYYKSLMDQLLDKNLRVLPLTSIKNISEDLITWSSKEILINLGYKILAASYP EAQGDRCILVGPTGKKTERKFIDLIAISPKSKGVILLECKDKLSKSKDDCEKMNDLL NHNYDKVTKLINVLNINNYNYNNIIYTGVAGLIGRKNVDNLPVDFVIKFKYDAKNLK LNWEINSDILGKHSGSFSMEDVAVVRKRS AAL86024.1 BsmI 131 >gi|19347662|gb|AAL86024.1| BsmI [Geobacillus stearothermophilus] MNVFRIHGDNIIECERVIDLILSKINPQKVKRGFISLSCPFIEIIFKEGHDYFHWRF DMFPGFNKNTNDRWNSNILDLLSQKGSFLYETPDVIITSLNNGKEEILMAIEFCSAL QAGNQAWQRSGRAYSVGRTGYPYIYIVDFVKYELNNSDRSRKNLRFPNPAIPYSYIS HSKNTGNFIVQAYFRGEEYQPKYDKKLKFFDETIFAEDDIADYIIAKLQHRDTSNIE QLLINKNLKMVEFLSKNTKNDNNFTYSEWESIYNGTYRITNLPSLGRFKFRKKIAEK SLSGKVKEFNNIVQRYSVGLASSDLPFGVIRKESRNDFINDVCKLYNINDMKIIKEL KEDADLIVCMLKGFKPRGDDNRPDRGALPLVAMLAGENAQIFTFIYGPLIKGAINLI DQDINKLAKRNGLWKSFVSLSDFIVLDCPIIGESYNEFRLIINKNNKESILRKTSKQ QNILVDPTPNHYQENDVDTVIYSIFKYIVPNCFSGMCNPPGGDWSGLSIIRNGHEFR WLSLPRVSENGKRPDHVIQILDLFEKPLLLSIESKEKPNDLEPKIGVQLIKYIEYLF DFTPSVQRKIAGGNWEFGNKSLVPNDFILLSAGAFIDYDNLTENDYEKIFEVTGCDL LIAIKNQNNPQKWVIKFKPKNTIAEKLVNYIKLNFKSNIFDTGFFHIEG AD124225.1 Nb.BtsCI 132 >gi|297185870|gb|ADI24225.1| BtsCI bottom-strand nicking enzyme variant [synthetic construct] MKRILYLLTEERPKINIIHQIINLEYKATLHFGAKIVPVMNEENKFTFIYHVKGIEV EGFDAVLIKIVSGHSSFVDYLVFDSNDLKPEKNTITLFDLDQYELDLSYYFGKGWIV RIPSPSDLPKYVVEETKTDDHESRNTNAYQRSSKFVFCELYYGKEVKKYMLYDISDG RTLSGTDTHNFGMRMLVTNNVNLVGVPNMYLPFTDIKEFINEKNRIADNGPSHNVPI RLKLDKEKNVIYISAKLDKGNGKNKNKISNDPNIGAVAIISATLRNLNWKGDIEIIN HNLLPSSISSRSNGNKLLYIMKKLGVRFNNINVNWNNIKNNINYFFYNITSEKIVSI YYHLYVEDKLSNARVIFDNHAGCGKSYFRTLNNKIIPVGKEIPLPALVIFDSDQNIV KVIAAAKAENVYNGVEQLSTFDKFIESYINKYYPGAAVECSVITWGKSSNPYVSFYL DKDGSAVFL AD124224.1 Nt.BtsCI 133 >gi|297185868|gb|ADI24224.1| BtsCI top-strand nicking enzyme variant [synthetic construct] MKRILYLLTEERPKINIIHQIINLEYKATLHFGAKIVPVMNEENKFTFIYHVKGIEV EGFDAVLIKIVSGHSSFVDYLVFDSNDLKPEKNTITLFDLDQYELDLSYYFGKGWIV RIPSPSDLPKYVVFETKTDDHESRNTNAYQRSSKFVFCELYYGKEVKKYMLYDISDG RTLSGTDTHNFGMRMLVTNNVNLVGVPNMYLPFTDIKEFINEKNRIADNGPSHNVPI RLKLDKEKNVIYISAKLDKGNGKNKNKISNDPNIGAVAIISATLRNLNWKGDIEIIN HNLLPSSISSRSNGNKLLYIMKKLGVRFNNINVNWNNIKNNINYFFYNITSEKIVSI YYHLYVEDKLSNARVIFDNHAGCGKSYFRTLNNKIIPVGKEIPLPDLVIFDSDQNIV KVIEAEKAENVYNGVEQLSTFDKFIESYINKYYPGAAVECSVITWGKSSNPYVSFYL DKDGSAVFL >gi|85720924|gb|ABC75874.1| R1.BtsI [Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius] MKITEGIVHVAMRHFLKSNGWKLIAGQYPGGSDDELTALNIVDPVVARDNSPDPRRH SLGKIVPDLIAYKNDDLLVIEAKPKYSQDDRDKLLYLLSERKHDFYAALEKFATERN HPELLPVSKLNIIPGLAFSASENKFKKDPGFVYIRVSGIFEAFMEGYDWG ABC75874.1 R1.BtsI 134 >gi|85720924|gb|ABC75874.1| R1.BtsI [Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius] MKITEGIVHVAMRHFLKSNGWKLIAGQYPGGSDDELTALNIVDPVVARDNSPDPRRH SLGKIVPDLIAYKNDDLLVIEAKPKYSQDDRDKLLYLLSERKHDFYAALEKFATERN HPELLPVSKLNIIPGLAFSASENKFKKDPGFVYIRVSGIFEAFMEGYDWG ABC75876.1 R2.BtsI 135 >gi|85720926|gb|ABC75876.1| R2.BtsI [Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius] MQIEQLMKSLTIYFDDIQEGLWFKNLHPLLESASLEAITGSLKRNPNLADVLKYDRP DIILTLNQTPILVIERTIEVPSGHNVGQRYGRLAAASEAGVPLVYFGPYAARKHGGA TEGPRYMNLRLFYALDVMQKVNGSAITTINWPVDQNFEILQDPSKDKRMKEYLEMFF DNLLKYGIAGINLAIRNSSFQAEQLAEREKFVETMITNPEQYDVPPDSVQILNAERF FNELGISENKRIICDEVVLYQVGMTYVRSDPYTGMALLYKYLYILGSERNRCLILKF PNITTDMWKKVAFGSRERKDVRIYRSVSDGILFADGYLSKEEL AAX14652.1 BbvCI subunit 136 >gi|60202520|gb|AAX14652.1| BbvCI endonuclease subunit 1 [Brevibacillus brevis] MINEDFFIYEQLSHKKNLEQKGKNAFDEETEELVRQAKSGYHAFIEGINYDEVTKLD LNSSVAALEDYISIAKEIEKKHKMFNWRSDYAGSIIPEFLYRIVHVATVKAGLKPIF STRNTIIEISGAAHREGLQIRRKNEDFALGFHEVDVKIASESHRVISLAVACEVKTN IDKNKLNGLDFSAERMKRTYPGSAYFLITETLDFSPDENHSSGLIDEIYVLRKQVRT KNRVQKAPLCPSVFAELLEDILEISYRASNVKGHVYDRLEGGKLIRV AAX14653.1 BbvCI 137 >gi|60202521|gb|AAX14653.1| BbvCI endonuclease subunit 2 subunit2 [Brevibacillus brevis] MFNQFNPLVYTHGGKLERKSKKDKTASKVFEEFGVMEAYNCWKEASLCIQQRDKDSV LKLVAALNTYKDAVEPIFDSRLNSAQEVLQPSILEEFFEYLFSRIDSIVGVNIPIRH PAKGYLSLSFNPHNIETLIQSPEYTVRAKDHDFIIGGSAKLTIQGHGGEGETTNIVV PAVAIECKRYLERNMLDECAGTAERLKRATPYCLYFVVAEYLKLDDGAPELTEIDEI YILRHQRNSERNKPGFKPNPIDGELIWDLYQEVMNHLGKIWWDPNSALQRGKVFNRP CAA74998.1 Bpu10I alpha 138 >gi|2894388|emb|CAA74998.1| Bpu10I restriction subunit endonuclease alpha subunit [Bacillus pumilus] MGVEQEWIKNITDMYQSPELIPSHASNLLHQLKREKRNEKLKKALEIITPNYISYIS ILLNNHNMTRKEIVILVDALNEYMNTLRHPSVKSVFSHQADFYSSVLPEFFNLLFRN LIKGLNEKIKVNSQKDIIIDCIFDPYNEGRVVFKKKRVDVAIILKNKFVFNNVEISD FAIPLVAIEIKTNLDKNMLSGIEQSVDSLKETFPLCLYYCITELADFAIEKQNYAST HIDEVFILRKQKRGPVRRGTPLEVVHADLILEVVEQVGEHLSKFKDPIKTLKARMTE GYLIKGKGK CAA74999.1 Bpu10I beta 139 >gi|2894389|emb|CAA74999.1| Bpu10I restriction subunit endonuclease beta subunit [Bacillus pumilus] MTQIDLSNTKHGSILFEKQKNVKEKYLQQAYKHYLYFRRSIDGLEITNDEAIFKLTQ AANNYRDNVLYLFESRPNSGQEAFRYTILEEFFYHLFKDLVKKKFNQEPSSIVMGKA NSYVSLSFSPESFLGLYENPIPYIHTKDQDFVLGCAVDLKISPKNELNKENETEIVV PVIAIECKTYIERNMLDSCAATASRLKAAMPYCLYIVASEYMKMDQAYPELTDIDEV FILCKASVGERTALKKKGLPPHKLDENLMVELFHMVERHLNRVWWSPNEALSRGRVI GRP ABM69266.1 BmrI 140 >gi|123187377|gb|ABM69266.1| BmrI [Bacillus megaterium] MNYFSLHPNVYATGRPKGLINMLESVWISNQKPGDGTMYLISGFANYNGGIRFYETF TEHINHGGKVIAILGGSTSQRLSSKQVVAELVSRGVDVYIINRKRLLHAKLYGSSSN SGESLVVSSGNFTGPGMSQNVEASLLLDNNTTSSMGFSWNGMVNSMLDQKWQIHNLS NSNPTSPSWNLLYDERTTNLTLDDTQKVTLILTLGHADTARIQAAPKSKAGEGSQYF WLSKDSYDFFPPLTIRNKRGTKATYSCLINMNYLDIKYIDSECRVTFEAENNFDFRL GTGKLRYTNVAASDDIAAITRVGDSDYELRIIKKGSSNYDALDSAAVNFIGNRGKRY GYIPNDEFGRIIGAKF CAC12783.1 BfiI 141 >gi|10798463|emb|CAC12783.1| restriction endonuclease BfiI [Bacillus firmus] MNFFSLHPNVYATGRPKGLIGMLENVWVSNHTPGEGTLYLISGFSNYNGGVRFYETF TEHINQGGRVIAILGGSTSQRLSSRQVVEELLNRGVEVHIINRKRILHAKLYGTSNN LGESLVVSSGNFTGPGMSQNIEASLLLDNNTTQSMGFSWNDMISEMLNQNWHIHNMT NATDASPGWNLLYDERTTNLTLDETERVTLIVTLGHADTARIQAAPGTTAGQGTQYF WLSKDSYDFFPPLTIRNRRGTKATYSSLINMNYIDINYTDTQCRVTFEAENNFDFRL GTGKLRYTGVAKSNDIAAITRVGDSDYELRIIKQGTPEHSQLDPYAVSFIGNRGKRF GYISNEEFGRIIGVTF Q9UQ84.2 hExoI 142 >gi|85700954|sp|Q9UQ84.2|EXO1_HUMAN RecName: (EXO1_HUMAN) Full = Exonuclease 1; Short = hExo1; AltName: Full = Exonuclease I; Short = hExoI MGIQGLLQFIKEASEPIHVRKYKGQVVAVDTYCWLHKGAIACAEKLAKGEPTDRYVG FCMKFVNMLLSHGIKPILVFDGCTLPSKKEVERSRRERRQANLLKGKQLLREGKVSE ARECFTRSINITHAMAHKVIKAARSQGVDCLVAPYEADAQLAYLNKAGIVQAIITED SDLLAFGCKKVILKMDQFGNGLEIDQARLGMCRQLGDVFTEEKFRYMCILSGCDYLS SLRGIGLAKACKVLRLANNPDIVKVIKKIGHYLKMNITVPEDYINGFIRANNTFLYQ LVFDPIKRKLIPLNAYEDDVDPETLSYAGQYVDDSIALQIALGNKDINTFEQIDDYN PDTAMPAHSRSHSWDDKTCQKSANVSSIWHRNYSPRPESGTVSDAPQLKENPSTVGV ERVISTKGLNLPRKSSIVKRPRSAELSEDDLLSQYSLSFTKKTKKNSSEGNKSLSFS EVFVPDLVNGPTNKKSVSTPPRTRNKFATFLQRKNEESGAVVVPGTRSRFFCSSDST DCVSNKVSIQPLDETAVTDKENNLHESEYGDQEGKRLVDTDVARNSSDDIPNNHIPG DHIPDKATVFTDEESYSFESSKFTRTISPPTLGTLRSCFSWSGGLGDFSRTPSPSPS TALQQFRRKSDSPTSLPENNMSDVSQLKSEESSDDESHPLREEACSSQSQESGEFSL QSSNASKLSQCSSKDSDSEESDCNIKLLDSQSDQTSKLRLSHFSKKDTPLRNKVPGL YKSSSADSLSTTKIKPLGPARASGLSKKPASIQKRKHHNAENKPGLQIKLNELWKNF GFKKDSEKLPPCKKPLSPVRDNIQLTPEAEEDIFNKPECGRVQRAIFQ P39875.2 Yeast ExoI 143 >gi|1706421|sp|P39875.2|EXO1_YEAST RecName: (EXO1_YEAST) Full = Exodeoxyribonuclease 1; AltName: Full = Exodeoxyribonuclease I; Short = EXO I; Short = Exonuclease I; AltName: Full = Protein DHS1 MGIQGLLPQLKPIQNPVSLRRYEGEVLAIDGYAWLHRAACSCAYELAMGKPTDKYLQ FFIKRFSLLKTFKVEPYLVFDGDAIPVKKSTESKRRDKRKENKAIAERLWACGEKKN AMDYFQKCVDITPEMAKCIICYCKLNGIRYIVAPFEADSQMVYLEQKNIVQGIISED SDLLVFGCRRLITKLNDYGECLEICRDNFIKLPKKFPLGSLTNEEIITMVCLSGCDY TNGIPKVGLITAMKLVRRFNTIERIILSIQREGKLMIPDTYINEYEAAVLAFQFQRV FCPIRKKIVSLNEIPLYLKDTESKRKRLYACIGFVIHRETQKKQIVHFDDDIDHHLH LKIAQGDLNPYDFHQPLANREHKLQLASKSNIEFGKTNTTNSEAKVKPIESFFQKMT KLDHNPKVANNIHSLRQAEDKLTMAIKRRKLSNANVVQETLKDTRSKFFNKPSMTVV ENFKEKGDSIQDFKEDTNSQSLEEPVSESQLSTQIPSSFITTNLEDDDNLSEEVSEV VSDIEEDRKNSEGKTIGNEIYNTDDDGDGDTSEDYSETAESRVPTSSTTSFPGSSQR SISGCTKVLQKFRYSSSFSGVNANRQPLFPRHVNQKSRGMVYVNQNRDDDCDDNDGK NQITQRPSLRKSLIGARSQRIVIDMKSVDERKSFNSSPILHEESKKRDIETTKSSQA RPAVRSISLLSQFVYKGK BAJ43803.1 E. coli ExoI 144 >gi|315136644|dbj|BAJ43803.1| exonuclease I [Escherichia coli DH1] MMNDGKQQSTFLFHDYETFGTHPALDRPAQFAAIRTDSEFNVIGEPEVFYCKPADDY LPQPGAVLITGITPQEARAKGENEAAFAARIHSLFTVPKTCILGYNNVRFDDEVTRN IFYRNFYDPYAWSWQHDNSRWDLLDVMRACYALRPEGINWPENDDGLPSFRLEHLTK ANGIEHSNAHDAMADVYATIAMAKLVKTRQPRLFDYLFTHRNKHKLMALIDVPQMKP LVHVSGMFGAWRGNTSWVAPLAWHPENRNAVIMVDLAGDISPLLELDSDTLRERLYT AKTDLGDNAAVPVKLVHINKCPVLAQANTLRPEDADRLGINRQHCLDNLKILRENPQ VREKVVAIFAEAEPFTPSDNVDAQLYNGFFSDADRAAMKIVLETEPRNLPALDITFV DKRIEKLLFNYRARNFPGTLDYAEQQRWLEHRRQVFTPEFLQGYADELQMLVQQYAD DKEKVALLKALWQYAEEIV Q9BQ50.1 Human TREX2 145 >gi|47606206|sp|Q9BQ50.1|TREX2_HUMAN RecName: Full = Three prime repair exonuclease 2; AltName:Full = 3′-5′ exonuclease TREX2 MGRAGSPLPRSSWPRMDDCGSRSRCSPTLCSSLRTCYPRGNITMSEAPRAETFVFLD LEATGLPSVEPEIAELSLFAVHRSSLENPEHDESGALVLPRVLDKLTLCMCPERPFT AKASEITGLSSEGLARCRKAGFDGAVVRTLQAFLSRQAGPICLVAHNGFDYDFPLLC AELRRLGARLPRDTVCLDTLPALRGLDRAHSHGTRARGRQGYSLGSLFHRYFRAEPS AAHSAEGDVHTLLLIFLHRAAELLAWADEQARGWAHIEPMYLPPDDPSLEA Q91XB0.2 Mouse TREX1 146 >gi|47606196|sp|Q91XB0.2|TREX1 MOUSE RecName: Full = Three prime repair exonuclease 1; AltName: Full = 3′-5′ exonuclease TREX1 MGSQTLPHGHMQTLIFLDLEATGLPSSRPEVTELCLLAVHRRALENTSISQGHPPPV PRPPRVVDKLSLCIAPGKACSPGASEITGLSKAELEVQGRQRFDDNLAILLRAFLQR QPQPCCLVAHNGDRYDFPLLQTELARLSTPSPLDGTFCVDSIAALKALEQASSPSGN GSRKSYSLGSIYTRLYWQAPTDSHTAEGDVLTLLSICQWKPQALLQWVDEHARPFST VKPMYGTPATTGTTNLRPHAATATTPLATANGSPSNGRSRRPKSPPPEKVPEAPSQE GLLAPLSLLTLLTLAIATLYGLFLASPGQ Q9NSU2.1 Human TREX1 147 >gi|47606216|sp|Q9NSU2.1|TREX1_HUMAN RecName: Full = Three prime repair exonuclease 1; AltName: Full = 3′-5′ exonuclease TREX1; AltName: Full = DNase III MGPGARRQGRIVQGRPEMCFCPPPTPLPPLRILTLGTHTPTPCSSPGSAAGTYPTMG SQALPPGPMQTLIFFDMEATGLPFSQPKVTELCLLAVHRCALESPPTSQGPPPTVPP PPRVVDKLSLCVAPGKACSPAASEITGLSTAVLAAHGRQCFDDNLANLLLAFLRRQP QPWCLVAHNGDRYDFPLLQAELAMLGLTSALDGAFCVDSITALKALERASSPSEHGP RKSYSLGSIYTRLYGQSPPDSHTAEGDVLALLSICQWRPQALLRWVDAHARPFGTIR PMYGVTASARTKPRPSAVTTTAHLATTRNTSPSLGESRGTKDLPPVKDPGALSREGL LAPLGLLAILTLAVATLYGLSLATPGE Q9BG99.1 Bovine TREX1 148 >gi|47606205|sp|Q9BG99.1|TREX1_BOVIN RecName: Full = Three prime repair exonuclease 1; AltName: Full = 3′-5′ exonuclease TREX1 MGSRALPPGPVQTLIFLDLEATGLPFSQPKITELCLLAVHRYALEGLSAPQGPSPTA PVPPRVLDKLSLCVAPGKVCSPAASEITGLSTAVLAAHGRRAFDADLVNLIRTFLQR QPQPWCLVAHNGDRYDFPLLRAELALLGLASALDDAFCVDSIAALKALEPTGSSSEH GPRKSYSLGSVYTRLYGQAPPDSHTAEGDVLALLSVCQWRPRALLRWVDAHAKPFST VKPMYVITTSTGTNPRPSAVTATVPLARASDTGPNLRGDRSPKPAPSPKMCPGAPPG EGLLAPLGLLAFLTLAVAMLYGLSLAMPGQ AAH91242.1  Rat TREX1 149 >gi|60688197|gb|AAH91242.1| Trex1 protein [Rattus norvegicus] MGSQALPHGHMQTLIFLDLEATGLPYSQPKITELCLLAVHRHALENSSMSEGQPPPV PKPPRVVDKLSLCIAPGKPCSSGASEITGLTTAGLEAHGRQRFNDNLATLLQVFLQR QPQPCCLVAHNGDRYDFPLLQAELASLSVISPLDGTFCVDSIAALKTLEQASSPSEH GPRKSYSLGSIYTRLYGQAPTDSHTAEGDVLALLSICQWKPQALLQWVDKHARPFST IKPMYGMAATTGTASPRLCAATTSSPLATANLSPSNGRSRGKRPTSPPPENVPEAPS REGLLAPLGLLTFLTLAIAVLYGIFLASPGQ AAH63664.1 Human DNA2 150 >gi|39793966|gb|AAH63664.1| DNA2 protein [Homo sapiens] FAIPASRMEQLNELELLMEKSFWEEAELPAELFQKKVVASFPRTVLSTGMDNRYLvL AVNTVQNKEGNCEKRLVITASQSLENKELCILRNDWCSVPVEPGDIIHLEGDCTSDT WIIDKDFGYLILYPDMLISGTSIASSIRCMRRAVLSETFRSSDPATRQMLIGTVLHE VFQKAINNSFAPEKLQELAFQTIQEIRHLKEMYRLNLSQDEIKQEVEDYLPSFCKWA GDFMHKNTSTDFPQMQLSLPSDNSKDNSTCNIEVVKPMDIEESIWSPRFGLKGKIDV TVGVKIHRGYKTKYKIMPLELKTGKESNSIEHRSQVVLYTLLSQERRADPEAGLLLY LKTGQMYPVPANHLDKRELLKLRNQMAFSLFHRISKSATRQKTQLASLPQIIEEEKT CKYCSQIGNCALYSRAVEQQMDCSSVPIVMLPKIEEETQHLKQTHLEYFSLWCLMLT LESQSKDNKKNHQNIWLMPASEMEKSGSCIGNLIRMEHVKIVCDGQYLHNFQCKHGA IPVTNLMAGDRVIVSGEERSLFALSRGYVKEINMTTVTCLLDRNLSVLPESTLFRLD QEEKNCDIDTPLGNLSKLMENTFVSKKLRDLIIDFREPQFISYLSSVLPHDAKDTVA CILKGLNKPQRQAMKKVLLSKDYTLIVGMPGTGKTTTICTLVPAPEQVEKGGVSNVT EAKLIVFLTSIFVKAGCSPSDIGIIAPYRQQLKIINDLLARSIGMVEVNTVDKYQGR DKSIVLVSFVRSNKDGTVGELLKDWRRLNVAITRAKHKLILLGCVPSLNCYPPLEKL LNHLNSEKLIIDLPSREHESLCHILGDFQRE P38859.1 Yeast DNA2 151 >gi|731738|sp|P38859.1|DNA2_YEAST RecName: Full = DNA (DNA2_YEAST) replication ATP-dependent helicase DNA2 MPGTPQKNKRSASISVSPAKKTEEKEIIQNDSKAILSKQTKRKKKYAFAPINNLNGK NTKVSNASVLKSIAVSQVRNTSRTKDINKAVSKSVKQLPNSQVKPKREMSNLSRHHD FTQDEDGPMEEVIWKYSPLQRDMSDKTTSAAEYSDDYEDVQNPSSTPIVPNRLKTVL SFTNIQVPNADVNQLIQENGNEQVRPKPAEISTRESLRNIDDILDDIEGDLTIKPTI TKFSDLPSSPIKAPNVEKKAEVNAEEVDKMDSTGDSNDGDDSLIDILTQKYVEKRKS ESQITIQGNTNQKSGAQESCGKNDNTKSRGEIEDHENVDNQAKTGNAFYENEEDSNC QRIKKNEKIEYNSSDEFSDDSLIELLNETQTQVEPNTIEQDLDKVEKMVSDDLRIAT DSTLSAYALRAKSGAPRDGVVRLVIVSLRSVELPKIGTQKILECIDGKGEQSSVVVR HPWVYLEFEVGDVIHIIEGKNIENKRLLSDDKNPKTQLANDNLLVLNPDVLFSATSV GSSVGCLRRSILQMQFQDPRGEPSLVMTLGNIVHELLQDSIKYKLSHNKISMEIIIQ KLDSLLETYSFSIIICNEEIQYVKELVMKEHAENILYFVNKFVSKSNYGCYTSISGT RRTQPISISNVIDIEENIWSPIYGLKGFLDATVEANVENNKKHIVPLEVKTGKSRSV SYEVQGLIYTLLLNDRYEIPIEFFLLYFTRDKNMTKFPSVLHSIKHILMSRNRMSMN FKHQLQEVFGQAQSRFELPPLLRDSSCDSCFIKESCMVLNKLLEDGTPEESGLVEGE FEILTNHLSQNLANYKEFFTKYNDLITKEESSITCVNKELFLLDGSTRESRSGRCLS GLVVSEVVEHEKTEGAYIYCFSRRRNDNNSQSMLSSQIAANDFVIISDEEGHFCLCQ GRVQFINPAKIGISVKRKLLNNRLLDKEKGVTTIQSVVESELEQSSLIATQNLVTYR IDKNDIQQSLSLARFNLLSLFLPAVSPGVDIVDERSKLCRKTKRSDGGNEILRSLLV DNRAPKFRDANDDPVIPYKLSKDTTLNLNQKEAIDKVMRAEDYALILGMPGTGKTTV IAEIIKILVSEGKRVLLTSYTHSAVDNILIKLRNTNISIMRLGMKHKVHPDTQKYVP NYASVKSYNDYLSKINSTSVVATTCLGINDILFTLNEKDFDYVILDEASQISMPVAL GPLRYGNRFIMVGDHYQLPPLVKNDAARLGGLEESLFKTFCEKHPESVAELTLQYRM CGDIVTLSNFLIYDNKLKCGNNEVFAQSLELPMPEALSRYRNESANSKQWLEDILEP TRKVVFLNYDNCPDIIEQSEKDNITNHGEAELTLQCVEGMLLSGVPCEDIGVMTLYR AQLRLLKKIFNKNVYDGLEILTADQFQGRDKKCIIISMVRRNSQLNGGALLKELRRV NVAMTRAKSKLIIIGSKSTIGSVPEIKSFVNLLEERNWVYTMCKD ALYKYKFPDRSNAIDEARKGCGKRTGAKPITSKSKFVSDKPIIKEILQEYES AAA45863.1 VP16 152 >gi|330318|gb|AAA45863.1| VP16 [Human herpesvirus 2] MDLLVDDLFADRDGVSPPPPRPAGGPKNTPAAPPLYATGRLSQAQLMPSPPMPVPPA ALFNRLLDDLGFSAGPALCTMLDTWNEDLFSGFPTNADMYRECKFLSTLPSDVIDWG DAHVPERSPIDIRAHGDVAFPTLPATRDELPSYYEAMAQFFRGELRAREESYRTVLA NFCSALYRYLRASVRQLHRQAHMRGRNRDLREMLRTTIADRYYRETARLARVLFLHL YLFLSREILWAAYAEQMMRPDLFDGLCCDLESWRQLACLFQPLMFINGSLTV RGVPVEARRLRELNHIREHLNLPLVRSAAAEEPGAPLTTPPVLQGNQARSSGYFMLL IRAKLDSYSSVATSEGESVMREHAYSRGRTRNNYGSTIEGLLDLPDDDDAPAEAGLV APRMSFLSAGQRPRRLSTTAPITDVSLGDELRLDGEEVDMTPADALDDFDLEMLGDV ESPSPGMTHDPVSYGALDVDDFEFEQMFTDAMGIDDFGG

Example 3

I-CreI meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 76) was chosen as the parent scaffold on which to fuse the catalytic domain of I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 60). Wild-type I-TevI functions as a monomeric cleavase of the GIY-YIG family to generate a staggered double-strand break in its target DNA. Guided by biochemical and structural data, variable length constructs were designed from the N-terminal region of I-TevI that encompass the entire catalytic domain and deletion-intolerant region of its linker (SEQ ID NOs: 61 to 66). In all but one case, fragments were fused to the N-terminus of I-CreI with an intervening 5-residue polypeptide linker (-QGPSG-=SEQ ID NO: 67). The linker-less fusion construct naturally contained residues (-LGPDGRKA-=SEQ ID NO: 68) similar to those in the artificial linker. As I-CreI is a homodimer, all fusion constructs contain three catalytic centers (FIG. 4D): the natural I-CreI active site at the interface of the dimer and one I-TevI active site per monomer.

The activity of each “tri-functional” meganuclease was assessed using yeast assay previously described in International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in (Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006). All constructs were able to cleave the C1221 target DNA with an activity comparable to that of wild-type I-CreI (Table 4).

To validate the activity of the I-TevI catalytic domain independent of the I-CreI catalytic core, D20N point mutants were made to inactivate the I-CreI scaffold (SEQ ID NOs: 69 to 75). Tests in yeast assays showed no visible activity from the inactivated I-CreI (D20N) mutant protein alone (Table 4). However, cleavage activity could be observed for fusions having the I-TevI catalytic domain (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Table 4: Activity in Yeast assay for I-TevI/I-CreI fusions. The relative activity of wild-type and fusion proteins on the two parent protein targets (C1221 for I-CreI and Tev for I-TevI) is shown. Maximal activity (++++) is seen with each given protein on its native DNA target. I-CreI_N20 is an inactive variant of the wild-type I-CreI scaffold. In all other cases, activity is only detected on the C1221 target since DNA recognition is driven by the I-CreI scaffold. The “N20” fusion variants illustrate cleavage activity due to the I-TevI catalytic domain. Relative Activity in Yeast Assay (37° C.) C1221 I-TevI Protein Construct Target Target I-CreI ++++ − I-TevI − ++++ I-CreI_N20 − − hTevCre_D01 ++++ − hTevCre_D02 ++++ − hTevCre_D03 ++++ − hTevCre_D04 ++++ − hTevCre_D05 ++++ − hTevCre_D06 ++++ − hTevCre_D01_N20 ++ − hTevCre_D02_N20 ++ − hTevCre_D03_N20 ++ − hTevCre_D04_N20 ++ − hTevCre_D05_N20 − − hTevCre_D06_N20 − − Relative activity is scaled as: −, no activity detectable; +, <25% activity; ++, 25% to <50% activity; +++, 50% to <75% activity; ++++, 75% to 100% activity.

Example 4

Protein-fusion scaffolds were designed based on a truncated form of I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 76, I-CreI_X: SEQ ID NO: 77) and three different linker polypeptides (SEQ ID NOs: 78 to 80) fused to either the N- or C-terminus of the protein. Structure models were generated in all cases, with the goal of designing a “baseline” fusion linker that would traverse the I-CreI parent scaffold surface with little to no effect on its DNA binding or cleavage activities. For the two N-terminal fusion scaffolds, the polypeptide spanning residues 2 to 153 of I-CreI was used, with a K82A mutation to allow for linker placement. The C-terminal fusion scaffold contains residues 2 to 155 of wild-type I-CreI. For both fusion scaffold types, the “free” end of the linker (i.e. onto which a polypeptide can be linked) is designed to be proximal to the DNA, as determined from models built using the I-CreI/DNA complex structures as a starting point (PDB id: 1g9z). The two I-CreI N-terminal fusion scaffolds (I-CreI_NFS1=SEQ ID NO: 81 and I-CreI_NFS2=SEQ ID NO: 82) and the single C-terminal fusion scaffold (I-CreI_(—)CFS1: SEQ ID NO: 83) were tested in our yeast assay (see Example 3) and found to have activity similar to that of wild-type I-CreI (Table 5).

Colicin E7 is a non-specific nuclease of the HNH family able to process single- and double-stranded DNA. Guided by biochemical and structural data, the region of ColE7 that encompasses the entire catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 84) was selected. This ColE7 domain was fused to the N-terminus of either I-CreI_NFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 81) or I-CreI_NFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 83) to create hColE7Cre_D0101 (SEQ ID: 85) or hColE7Cre_D0102 (SEQ ID NO: 86), respectively. In addition, a C-terminal fusion construct, hCreColE7_D0101 (SEQ ID: 87), was generated using I-CreI_CFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 83). As I-CreI is a homodimer, all fusion constructs contain three catalytic centers (FIG. 4D): the natural I-CreI active site at the interface of the dimer and one ColE7 active site per monomer.

The activity of each “tri-functional” meganuclease was assessed using yeast assay as previously mentioned (see Example 3). All constructs were able to cleave the C1221 target DNA with an activity comparable to that of wild-type I-CreI (Table 4). To validate the activity of the ColE7 catalytic domain independent of the I-CreI catalytic core, D20N point mutants were made to inactivate the I-CreI scaffold (SEQ ID NOs: 88-93). Tests in our yeast assays showed no visible activity from the inactivated I-CreI (D20N) mutant proteins alone (Table 5). However, cleavage activity could be observed for fusions having the ColE7 catalytic domain (Table 5).

TABLE 5 Table 5: Activity in Yeast assay for ColE7/I-CreI fusions. The relative activity of wild-type and fusion proteins on theC1221 target is shown. I-CreI_X represents a truncated version of I-CreI based on the crystal structure and was used as the foundation for the fusion scaffolds (I-CreI_NFS1, I-CreI_NFS2 and I-CreI_CFS1). “N20” constructs are inactive variants of the respective I-CreI-based scaffolds. Activity is detected in all cases wherein the I-CreI scaffold is active or when DNA catalysis is provided by the ColE7 domain. Relative Activity in Yeast Assay (37° C.) Protein Construct C1221 Target I-CreI ++++ I-CreI_X ++++ I-CreI_NFS1 ++++ I-CreI_NFS2 ++++ I-CreI_CFS1 ++++ I-CreI_NFS1_N20 − I-CreI_NFS2_N20 − I-CreI_CFS1_N20 − hColE7Cre_D0101 ++++ hColE7Cre_D0102 ++++ hCreColE7_D0101 ++++ hColE7Cre_D0101_N20 +++ hColE7Cre_D0102_N20 +++ hCreColE7_D0101_N20 ++ Relative activity is scaled as: −, no activity detectable; +, <25% activity; ++, 25% to <50% activity; +++, 50% to <75% activity; ++++, 75% to 100% activity.

Example 5 Effect of Trex2 or TREX2 (SEQ ID NO: 145) on Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

Human Trex2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 145) is known to exhibit a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity (Mazur and Perrino, 2001). A 236 amino acid functional version of Trex2 (SEQ ID NO: 194) has been fused to single-chain meganucleases (SC-MN) for measuring improvements on meganuclease-induced targeted mutagenesis of such chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases. Levels of mutagenesis induced by SC-MN-Trex2 have been compared to levels of mutagenesis induced by co-transfecting vectors independently expressing SC-MN and Trex2 protein in a dedicated cellular model and at endogenous loci in 293H cells.

Example 5A Co-Transfection of Trex2 (SEQ ID NO: 145) with Meganucleases

A vector encoding meganuclease SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) was co-transfected into a cell line for monitoring mutagenic events in the presence or absence of a vector encoding Trex2 (pCLS7673, SEQ ID NO: 154). The SC_GS meganuclease is a single chain protein (SEQ ID NO: 193) derived from the fusion of two I-CreI variants. It recognizes a 22 bp DNA sequence (5′-TGCCCCAGGGTGAGAAAGTCCA-3′: GS_CHO.1 target, SEQ ID NO: 155) located in the first exon of the Cricetulus griseus glutamine synthetase gene. Different meganucleases such as SC_RAG1 (pCLS2222, SEQ ID NO: 156 i.e. the expression vector encoding SC_RAG1, SEQ ID NO: 58), SC_XPC4 (pCLS2510, SEQ ID NO: 157 i.e. the expression vector encoding SC_XPC4, SEQ ID NO: 190) and SC_CAPNS1 (pCLS6163, SEQ ID NO: 158 i.e. the expression vector encoding SC_CAPNS1, SEQ ID NO: 192) were co-transfected with or without a Trex2 expression vector (pCLS7673, SEQ ID NO: 154) to analyze the effect on meganuclease-induced mutagenesis at endogenous loci.

Material and Methods

a) Cellular Model to Monitor Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

The plasmid pCLS6810 (SEQ ID NO: 159) was designed to quantify the NHEJ repair frequency induced by the SC_GS meganuclease (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153). The sequence used to measure SC_GS-induced mutagenesis is made of an ATG start codon followed by (i) 2 codons for alanine; (ii) an HA-tag sequence; (iii) the SC_GS recognition site; (iv) a stretch of glycine-serine di-residues; (v) an additional 2 codons for alanine as in (i) and finally; (vi) a GFP reporter gene lacking its ATG start codon. The GFP reporter gene is inactive due to a frame-shift introduced by the GS recognition site. The creation of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) by the SC_GS meganuclease followed by error-prone NHEJ events can lead to restoration of the GFP gene expression in frame with the ATG start codon. The final construct was introduced at the RAG1 locus in 293H cell line using the hsRAG1 Integration Matrix CMV Neo from cGPS® Custom Human Full Kit DD (Cellectis Bioresearch) following the provider's instructions. Using this kit, a stable cell line containing a single copy of the transgene at the RAG1 locus was obtained. Thus, after transfection of this cell line by SC_GS meganuclease expressing plasmid with or without a plasmid encoding Trex2 (pCLS7673, SEQ ID NO: 154), the percentage of GFP positive cells is directly correlated to the mutagenic NHEJ repair frequency induced by the transfected molecular entity/ies.

b) Transfection in a Cellular Model Monitoring Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

One million of cells were seeded one day prior to transfection. Cells were co-transfected with 1 μg of SC_GS encoding vector (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) and with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 9 μg of plasmid encoding Trex2 (pCLS7673 SEQ ID NO: 154) in 10 μg of total DNA by complementation with a pUC vector (pCLS0002, SEQ ID NO: 191) using 25 μl of lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Four days following transfection, cells were harvested for flow cytometry analysis using Guava instrumentation. Genomic DNA was extracted from cell populations transfected with 1 μg of SC_GS expressing plasmid and 0, 4 and 9 μg of Trex2 encoding plasmid. Locus specific PCR were performed using the following primers: 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG (forward adaptor sequence)-10N-(sequences needed for PCR product identification)-GCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGAGAACCC (transgenic locus specific forward sequence)-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 160) and 5′-CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG-(reverse adaptor sequence)-TCGATCAGCACGGGCACGATGCC (transgenic locus specific reverse sequence) (SEQ ID NO: 161), and PCR products were sequenced by a 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences). Approximately 10,000 sequences were obtained per PCR product and then analyzed for the presence of site-specific insertion or deletion events.

c) Transfection on 293H Cells to Monitor Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis at Endogenous Loci

One million of cells were seeded one day prior to transfection. Cells were co-transfected with 3 μg of plasmid expressing SC_RAG1 or SC_XPC4 or SC_CAPNS1 (pCLS2222, SEQ ID NO: 156; pCLS2510, SEQ ID NO: 157 and pCLS6163, SEQ ID NO: 158 respectively) and with 0 or 2 μg of plasmid encoding Trex2 (pCSL7673 SEQ ID NO: 154) in 5 μg of total DNA by complementation with a pUC vector (pCLS0002 SEQ ID NO: 191) using 25 μl of lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Locus specific PCR were performed using the following primers: 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG-(forward adaptor sequence)-10N-(sequences needed for PCR product identification)-locus specific forward sequence for RAG 1: GGCAAAGATGAATCAAAGATTCTGTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 162), for XPC4:-AAGAGGCAAGAAAATGTGCAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 163) and for CAPNS1-CGAGTCAGGGCGGGATTAAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 164) and the reverse primer 5′-CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG-(reverse adaptor sequence)-(endogenous locus specific reverse sequence for RAG1: -GATCTCACCCGGAACAGCTTAAATTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 165), for XPC4: -GCTGGGCATATATAAGGTGCTCAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 166) and for CAPNS1: -CGAGACTTCACGGTTTCGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 167). PCR products were sequenced by a 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences). Approximately 10,000 sequences were obtained per PCR product and then analyzed for the presence of site-specific insertion or deletion events.

Results

1—On Cellular Model Measuring Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

The percentage of GFP+ cells, monitoring mutagenesis events induced by SC_GS meganuclease in a dedicated cellular model, was analyzed 96 h after a transfection with SC_GS expressing plasmid (pCLS2690 SEQ ID NO: 153) alone or with an increasing dose of Trex2 encoding vector (pCLS7673 SEQ ID NO: 154). The percentage of GFP+ cells increased with the amount of Trex2 expressing plasmid transfected. In absence of Trex2, SC_GS expression led to 0.3% of GFP+ cells whereas 2, 4, 6 and 9 μg of Trex2 encoding plasmid led to 1.3, 2.8, 3.4 and 4.8% of GFP+ respectively (FIG. 5A). This phenotypic stimulation of GFP+ cells was confirmed at a molecular level. SC_GS led to 2.4% of targeted mutagenesis whereas co-transfection of SC_GS expressing plasmid with 4 and 9 μg of Trex2 encoding vector stimulate this mutagenic DSB repair to 9.4 and 13.1% respectively (FIG. 5B). Moreover the nature of the mutagenic events was analyzed. In presence of Trex2, up to 65% of the mutagenic events correspond to the complete or partial loss of the 3′ overhang (deletion2, deletion3 and deletion4) generated by SC_GS meganuclease. In contrast, in absence of Trex2 activity, such mutagenic events are found in 20% of the total mutagenic events (FIG. 5C).

2—At Endogenous Loci

Trex2 effect on mutagenesis induced by engineered meganucleases was measured at RAG1, XPC4 and CAPNS1 endogenous loci by co-transfecting plasmids expressing SC_RAG1 or SC_XPC4 XPC4 or SC_CAPNS1 with or without Trex2 encoding plasmid. Transfections of 3 μg of meganuclease expressing vector with 2 μg of Trex2 (3/2 ratio) encoding plasmid were performed. The mutagenesis induced by the different meganucleases was quantified and analyzed three days post transfection. In these conditions, Trex2 stimulates mutagenesis at all loci studied with a stimulating factor varying from 1.4 up to 5 depending on the locus (Table 6). The nature of mutagenic events was also analyzed. It showed a modification of the pattern of the deletions induced by the meganucleases. As showed in FIG. 6, particularly at RAG1 (panelA) and CAPNS1 loci (panelC), the frequency of small deletions corresponding to degradation of 3′ overhangs is significantly increased in the presence of Trex2.

TABLE 6 Specific meganuclease-induced NHEJ quantification at endogenous loci with or without Trex2 and corresponding stimulation factors 2 μg pUC 2 μg Trex2 Stimulation by Trex2 XPC4 0.69 3.41 4.94 RAG1 1.88 5.18 2.75 CAPNS1 11.28 16.24 1.44

Example 5B Fusion of the Human Trex2 Protein to the N- or C-Terminus of an Engineered Meganuclease

Expressing Trex2 within a cell can lead to exonuclease activity at loci not targeted by the meganuclease. Moreover, for obvious reasons, co-tranfection of two expressing vectors makes difficult to control the optimum expression of both proteins. In order to bypass those difficulties and to target Trex2 activity to the DSB induced by the meganuclease, the human Trex2 protein was fused to the N- or C-terminus of the SC_GS engineered meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 153). Four SC_GS/Trex2 fusion proteins were made and tested for their ability to cleave their target (GS_CHO.1 target). The level of mutagenesis induced by each construct was measured using the cellular model described in example 5A.

Material and Methods

a) Making of SC_GS/Trex2 Fusion Proteins

The Trex2 protein was fused to the SC_GS meganuclease either to its C-terminus or to its N-terminus using a five amino acids glycin stretch (sequence GGGGS) (SEQ ID NO: 169) or a ten amino acids glycin stretch (GGGGS)₂ (SEQ ID NO: 170) as linkers. This yielded to four protein constructs named respectively SC_GS-5-Trex, SC_GS-10-Trex, Trex-5-SC_GS, Trex-10-SC_GS (SEQ ID NO: 171 to 174). Both SC_GS and Trex2 were initially cloned into the AscI/XhoI restriction sites of the pCLS1853 (FIG. 7, SEQ ID NO: 175), a derivative of the pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen), which drives the expression of a gene of interest under the control of the CMV promoter. The four fusion protein constructs were obtained by amplifying separately the two ORFs using a specific primer and the primer CMVfor (5′-CGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGT-3′; SEQ ID NO: 176) or V5reverse (5′-CGTAGAATCGAGACCGAGGAGAGG-3′; SEQ ID NO: 177), which are located on the plasmid backbone. Then, after a gel purification of the two PCR fragments, a PCR assembly was realized using the CMVfor/V5reverse oligonucleotides. The final PCR product was then digested by AscI and XhoI and ligated into the pCLS 1853 digested with these same enzymes. The following table gives the oligonucleotides that were used to create the different constructs.

TABLE 7 Oligonucleotides used to create the different SC_GS/Trex2 constructs SEQ SEQ Amplified Forward ID Reverse ID Construct ORF primer NO: primer NO: SC_GS-5- SC_GS CMVfor 176 Link5GSRev 179 Trex Trex2 Link5TrexFor 178 V5reverse 177 SC_GS-10- SC_GS CMVfor 176 Link10GSRev 181 Trex Trex2 Link10TrexFor 180 V5reverse 177 Trex-5- Trex2 CMVfor 176 Link5TrexRev 183 SC_GS SC_GS Link5GSFor 182 V5reverse 177 Trex-10- Trex2 CMVfor 176 Link10TrexRev 185 SC_GS SC_GS Link10GSFor 184 V5reverse 177

b) Extrachromosomal SSA Activity

CHO-K1 cells were transfected with the expression vector for the protein of interest and the reporter plasmid in the presence of Polyfect transfection reagent in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol (Qiagen). Culture medium was removed 72 hours after transfection and lysis/detection buffer was added for the β-galactosidase liquid assay. One liter of lysis/detection buffer contains: 100 ml of lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X100, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, protease inhibitors), 10 ml of 100× Mg buffer (100 mM MgCl₂, 35% 2-mercaptoethanol), 110 ml of a 8 mg/ml solution of ONPG and 780 ml of 0.1M sodium phosphate pH 7.5. The OD₄₂₀ is measured after incubation at 37° C. for 2 hours. The entire process was performed using a 96-well plate format on an automated Velocityll BioCel platform (Grizot, Epinat et al. 2009).

c) Meganuclease-Induced Mutageneis

One million of cells were seeded one day prior transfection. Cells were transfected with an increasing amount (from 1 μg up to 9 μg) of plasmid encoding SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) or SC_GS-5-Trex (pCLS8082 SEQ ID NO: 186), SC_GS-10-Trex (pCLS8052 SEQ ID NO: 187), Trex-5-SC_GS (pCLS8053 SEQ ID NO: 188) and Trex-10-SC_GS (pCLS8054 SEQ ID NO: 189) in 10 μg of total DNA by complementation with a pUC vector (SEQ ID NO: 191) using 25 μl of lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three to four days following transfection, cells were harvested for flow cytometry analysis using Guava instrumentation. Cells transfected with 1 μg and 6 μg of SC_GS or SC_GS-10-Trex2 expressing plasmid were harvested for genomic DNA extraction. Locus specific PCR were performed using the following primers: 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG (forward adaptor sequence)-10N-(sequences needed for PCR product identification)-GCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGAGAACCC (transgenic locus specific forward sequence)-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 160) and 5′-CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG-(reverse adaptor sequence)-TCGATCAGCACGGGCACGATGCC (transgenic locus specific reverse sequence) (SEQ ID NO: 161). PCR products were sequenced by a 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences). Approximately 10,000 sequences were obtained per PCR product and then analyzed for the presence of site-specific insertion or deletion events.

Results

The activity of the four fusion proteins was first monitored using an extrachromosomal assay in CHO-K1 cells (Grizot, Epinat et al. 2009). The fusion of Trex2 to the SC_GS could indeed impair its folding and/or its activity. FIG. 8 shows that the four fusion proteins (SC_GS-5-Trex, SC_GS-10-Trex, Trex-5-SC_GS and Trex-10-SC_GS, SEQ ID NO: 171 to 174 encoded in plasmids of SEQ ID NO: 186 to 189) are active in that assay.

1—On Cellular Model Measuring Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

The cell line described in example 5A was transfected with plasmids expressing either SC_GS or the 4 different fusion proteins. Quantification of the percentage of GFP+ cells was determined by flow cytometry 4 days post transfection. SC_GS induced 0.5 to 1% of GFP+ cells whereas the all four fusion constructs enhance the percentage of GFP+ cells in dose dependent manner from 2 up to 9% (FIG. 9A). This strategy appears to be more efficient than the co-transfection strategy as the highest frequency of 4.5% of GFP+ cells was obtained using 9 μg of Trex2 expressing vector (FIG. 5A) whereas this frequency can be obtained using only 3 μg of any fusion expressing vector (FIG. 9A). The targeted locus was analyzed by PCR amplification followed by sequencing, after cellular transfection of 1 μg and 6 μg of SC_GS or Trex2-10-SC_GS expressing plasmid. The deletions events were greatly enhanced with the fusion construct compared to the native meganuclease. 1 μg or 6 μg of Trex2-10-SC_GS expressing plasmid led to 24% and 31% of mutagenic events all corresponding to deletions. These NHEJ frequencies were higher than the ones obtained using 4 or 9 μg of Trex2 expressing vector in co-transfection experiments (9% and 13% respectively), (FIGS. 5B and 9B). Finally molecular analysis showed that the complete or partial loss of the 3′ overhang (deletion2, deletion3 and deletion4) generated by SC_GS or the fusion Trex2-10-SC_GS were 35% and 80% respectively. Altogether these results demonstrate that the fusion protein Trex2-SC_GS is highly active as a targeted mutagenic reagent (frequency of GFP+ cells obtained, frequency of mutagenic events analyzed by deep-sequencing and the frequency of the signature of Trex2 nuclease activity).

Example 5C Effect of Trex2 Fused with an Engineered Meganuclease on Mutagenesis at an Endogenous Locus in Immortalized or Primary Cell Line

Trex2 fused to SC_GS was shown to stimulate Targeted Mutagenesis [TM] at a transgenic locus in immortalized cell line. In order to apply the fusion to other engineered meganucleases and to stimulate TM in primary cell line Trex2 was fused to SC_CAPNS1 and TM was monitored at an endogenous locus in immortalized cell line as well as in primary cell line.

Material and Methods

d) Making of Trex2-SC_CAPNS1 Fusion Protein

The Trex2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 194) was fused to the SC_CAPNS1 meganuclease

(SEQ ID NO: 192) at its N-terminus using a (GGGGS)₂ ten amino acids linker (SEQ ID NO: 170). Cloning strategy was the same as used for the fusion Trex-SC_GS. Both SC_CAPNS1 and Trex2 were initially cloned into the AscI/XhoI restriction sites of the pCLS1853 (FIG. 7, SEQ ID NO: 175), a derivative of the pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen), which drives the expression of a gene of interest under the control of the CMV promoter. The fusion protein construct was obtained by amplifying separately the two ORFs using specific primers: for CAPNS1 Link10GSFor

(SEQ ID NO: 184) 5′-GGAGGTTCTGGAGGTGGAGGTTCCAATACCAAATATAACGAAGAGT TC-3′

was used with V5 reverse primer 5′-CGTAGAATCGAGACCGAGGAGAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 177); Trex ORF was amplified using CMVfor primer 5′-CGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 176) and Link10TrexRev primer

(SEQ ID NO: 185) 5′-CCTCCACCTCCAGATCCGCCACCTCCAGGAGAGGACTTTTTCTTCT CAGA-3′.

Then, after a gel purification of the two PCR fragments, a PCR assembly was realized using the CMVfor/V5reverse oligonucleotides. The final PCR product was then digested by AscI and XhoI and ligated into the pCLS 1853 plasmid digested with these same enzymes leading to Trex-SC_CAPNS1 encoding vector (pCLS8518 of SEQ ID NO: 196 encoding Trex-SC_CAPNS1 protein of SEQ ID NO: 197).

e) Transfection on 293H Cells to Monitor Trex2-Meganuclease Fusion on Mutagenesis at an Endogenous Locus

One million of cells were seeded one day prior to transfection. Cells were transfected with 100 ng of either SC_CAPNS1 or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 encoding vector (respectively, protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192 encoded by pCLS6163 of SEQ ID NO: 158 and protein sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197 encoded by pCLS8518 of SEQ ID NO: 196) in 5 μg of total DNA by complementation with a pUC vector (pCLS0002 SEQ ID NO: 191) using 25 μl of lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three days following transfection, cells were harvested for genomic DNA extraction.

f) Transfection on Detroit Cells to Monitor Trex2-Meganuclease Fusion on Mutagenesis at an Endogenous Locus

One million of cells were seeded one day prior to transfection. Cells were co-transfected with 6 μg of either SC_CAPNS1 or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 encoding vector (respectively pCLS6163 of SEQ ID NO: 158 and pCLS8518 of SEQ ID NO: 196) in 10 μg of total DNA by complementation with a pUC vector (pCLS0002, SEQ ID NO: 191) using Amaxa (LONZA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three days following transfection, cells were harvested for genomic DNA extraction.

g) Deep-Sequencing at CAPNS1 Locus

PCR for deep-sequencing were performed using the following primers: 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGAC-(forward adaptor sequence)-10N-(sequences needed for PCR product identification)-CGAGTCAGGGCGGGATTAAG-3′-(locus specific forward sequence) (SEQ ID NO: 199) and the reverse primer 5′-CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG-(reverse adaptor sequence)-CGAGACTTCACGGTTTCGCC-3′ (endogenous locus specific reverse sequence) (SEQ ID NO: 200). PCR products were sequenced by a 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences). Approximately 10,000 sequences were obtained per PCR product and then analyzed for the presence of site-specific insertion or deletion events.

Results

3—In Immortalized 293H Cell Line

Wild-type 293H cells were transfected by SC_CAPNS1 or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 in order to determine if those constructs could stimulate engineered meganuclease-induced targeted mutagenesis at an endogenous locus. Transfection with SC_CAPNS1 led to 1.6% of targeted mutagenesis (TM) whereas transfection with the fusion Trex-SC_CAPNS1 stimulated TM up to 12.4% (FIG. 10, Panel A). Moreover, the analysis of the mutagenic sequences showed that the proportion of small deletions events of 2, 3 and 4 base pairs was increased from 2% of the TM events with SC_CAPNS1 to 67% with the fusion Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (FIG. 10, Panel B).

4—In Primary Detroit Cell Line

Wild type Detroit551 cells were transfected by SC_CAPNS1 or Trex-SC_CAPNS1 in order to determine if those constructs could also stimulate engineered meganuclease-induced targeted mutagenesis at an endogenous locus in primary cells. Transfection with SC_CAPNS1 led to 1.1% of TM whereas transfection with the fusion Trex-CAPNS1 stimulated TM up to 12.5% (FIG. 11, Panel A). Moreover, the analysis of the mutagenic sequences showed that the proportion of small deletions events of 2, 3 and 4 base pairs was increased from 35% of the TM events with SC_CAPNS1 to 90% with the fusion Trex-SC_CAPNS1 (FIG. 11, Panel B).

Example 6 Effect of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (Tdt) Expression on Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

Homing endonucleases from the LAGLIDADG family or meganucleases recognize long DNA sequences and cleave the two DNA strands, creating a four nucleotides 3′ overhang. The cell can repair the double strand break (DSB) mainly through two mechanisms: by homologous recombination using an intact homologous template or by non homologous end joining (NHEJ). NHEJ is considered as an error prone mechanism that can induce mutations (insertion or deletion of DNA fragments) after DSB repair. Hence, after the transfection of a meganuclease into the cell, the measurement of the mutagenesis frequency at the meganuclease locus is a way to assess the meganuclease activity. Meganucleases derived from the I-CreI protein have been shown to induce mutagenesis at the genomic site, for which they have been designed (Munoz et al., 2011).

The human Tdt protein (SEQ ID NO: 201) is a 508 amino acids protein that catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3′-hydroxyl terminus of DNA ends. The encoded protein is expressed in a restricted population of normal and malignant pre-B and pre-T lymphocytes during early differentiation. It generates antigen receptor diversity by synthesizing non-germ line elements at DSB site after RAG1 and RAG2 endonucleases cleavage. After a meganuclease DSB induced event, such an activity could add DNA sequences at the targeted site and would thus stimulate targeted mutagenesis induced by meganuclease.

Example 6A Co-Transfection of Tdt (SEQ ID NO: 201) with Meganucleases

To test this hypothesis, vector encoding meganuclease SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) was co-transfected on a cell line monitoring mutagenic NHEJ events in presence or absence of a vector encoding Tdt (pCLS3841 of SEQ ID NO: 202 encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 201). The SC_GS meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 193) is a single chain protein where two I-CreI variants have been fused. It recognizes a 22 bp DNA sequence (5′-TGCCCCAGGGTGAGAAAGTCCA-3′: GS_CHO.1 target, SEQ ID NO: 155) located in the first exon of Cricetulus griseus glutamine synthetase gene. Moreover, two different meganucleases SC_RAG1 (pCLS2222, SEQ ID NO: 156 encoding SC_RAG1 of SEQ ID NO: 58), and SC_CAPNS1 (pCLS6163, SEQ ID NO: 158 encoding SC_CAPNS1 of SEQ ID NO: 192) were co-transfected with or without Tdt expression plasmid (pCLS3841, SEQ ID NO: 202) and the effects on meganuclease-induced mutagenesis at the endogenous loci were analyzed by deep-sequencing.

Material and Methods

d) Cellular Model to Monitor Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

The plasmid pCLS6810 (SEQ ID NO: 159) was designed to quantify NHEJ repair frequency induced by the SC_GS meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 193). The sequence used to measure SC_GS-induced mutagenesis is made of an ATG start codon followed by i) 2 codons for alanine, ii) the tag HA sequence, iii) the SC_GS recognition site, iv) a glycine serine stretch, v) the same 2 codons for alanine as in i) and finally vi) a GFP reporter gene lacking its ATG start codon. Since by itself GFP reporter gene is inactive due to a frame-shift introduced by GS recognition sites, creation of a DNA double strand break (DSB) by SC_GS meganuclease followed by a mutagenic DSB repair event by NHEJ can lead to restoration of GFP gene expression in frame with the ATG start codon. These sequences were placed in a plasmid used to target the final construct at the RAG1 locus in 293H cell line using the hsRAG1 Integration Matrix CMV Neo from cGPS® Custom Human Full Kit DD (Cellectis Bioresearch). Using this kit, a stable cell line containing a single copy of the transgene at the RAG1 locus was obtained. Thus, after transfection of this cell line by the SC_GS meganuclease and with or without a plasmid encoding Tdt (pCLS3841, SEQ ID NO: 202), the percentage of GFP positive cells is directly correlated to the mutagenesis frequency induced by the transfected specie.

e) Transfection on Cellular Model Monitoring Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis

One million of cells were seeded one day prior to transfection. Cells were co-transfected either with 1 μg of SC_GS encoding vector (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) and with 0, 4, 6 or 9 μg of plasmid encoding Tdt (pCLS3841 SEQ ID NO: 202) or with 3 μg of SC_GS encoding plasmid with 0 or 2 μg of Tdt encoding vector in 5 or 10 μg of total DNA, respectively, by complementation with a pUC vector (pCLS0002, SEQ ID NO: 191) using 25 μl of lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three days following transfection, cells were harvested for flow cytometry analysis using Guava instrumentation. Conditions corresponding to 3 μg of SC_GS encoding vector with 0 or 2 μg of Tdt encoding plasmid were harvested for genomic DNA extraction. PCR for deep-sequencing were performed using the following primers: 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG (forward adaptor sequence)-10N-(sequences needed for PCR product identification)-GCTCTCTGGCTAACTAGAGAACCC (transgenic locus specific forward sequence)-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 160) and 5′-CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG-(reverse adaptor sequence)-TCGATCAGCACGGGCACGATGCC (transgenic locus specific reverse sequence)-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 161). PCR products were sequenced by a 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences). Approximately 10,000 sequences were obtained per PCR product and then analyzed for the presence of site-specific insertion or deletion events.

f) Transfection on 293H Cells to Monitor Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenesis at Endogenous Loci

One million of cells were seeded one day prior to transfection. Cells were co-transfected with 3 μg of SC_RAG1 encoding vector (pCLS2222, SEQ ID NO: 156) with 0.5, 1 and 2 μg or with 1, 3 and 7 μg of plasmid encoding Tdt (pCLS3841, SEQ ID NO: 202) in, respectively, 5 or 10 μg of total DNA by complementation with a pUC vector (pCLS0002, SEQ ID NO: 191) using 25 μl of lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Three μg of SC_CAPNS1 encoding vector (pCLS6163 SEQ ID NO: 158) were co-transfected with 2 μg of empty vector plasmid (pCLS0002, SEQ ID NO: 191) or Tdt encoding plasmid (pCSL3841, SEQ ID NO: 202) using 25 μl of lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Seven days following transfection, cells were harvested for genomic DNA extraction. PCR for deep-sequencing were performed using the following primers: 5′-CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAG-(forward adaptor sequence)-10N-(sequences needed for PCR product identification) (SEQ ID NO: 5)—locus specific forward sequence for RAG 1: GGCAAAGATGAATCAAAGATTCTGTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 162) and for CAPNS1: CGAGTCAGGGCGGGATTAAG-3′(SEQ ID NO: 164) and the reverse primer 5′-CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAG-(reverse adaptor sequence) (SEQ ID NO: 6)-(endogenous locus specific reverse sequence for RAG1: -GATCTCACCCGGAACAGCTTAAATTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 165) and for CAPNS1: -CGAGACTTCACGGTTTCGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 167). PCR products were sequenced by a 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences). Approximately 10,000 sequences were obtained per PCR product and then analyzed for the presence of site-specific insertion or deletion events.

Results

1—On Cellular Model Measuring Meganuclease-Induced Mutagenic NHEJ Repair

A cell line measuring mutagenic NHEJ repair induced by SC_GS was created. The percentage of GFP+ cells, monitoring the mutagenic NHEJ repair, was analyzed 96 h after a transfection with SC_GS (pCLS2690, SEQ ID NO: 153) alone or with an increasing dose of Tdt encoding vector (pCLS3841, SEQ ID NO: 202). Without the presence of Tdt, SC_GS transfection led to 0.2+/−0.1% of GFP+ cells whereas all doses of Tdt encoding plasmid led to 1.0+/−0.4% of GFP+ cells (FIG. 12, panel A). Transfection with 3 μg of SC_GS encoding plasmid with pUC vector led to 0.6+/−0.1% of GFP+ cells while in presence of 2 μg of Tdt encoding plasmid the percentage of GFP+ cells was stimulated to 1.9+/−0.3% of GFP+ cells. Conditions corresponding to 3 μg of SC_GS with 2 μg of empty or Tdt encoding vector were analyzed by deep-sequencing. Transfection with SC_GS and an empty vector led to 3.2% of Targeted Mutagenesis (TM) while in presence of Tdt expressing plasmid, TM was stimulated up to 26.0% (FIG. 12, panel B). In absence of Tdt the insertion events represented 29% of total TM events while in presence of Tdt these insertion events were increased up to 95.3% (FIG. 12, panel C). Finally, the analysis of insertion sizes in presence of Tdt encoding plasmid led to a specific hallmark of insertion with small insertions ranging from 2 to 8 bp (FIG. 12, panel D).

2—At Endogenous RAG1 Locus

Wild type 293H cells were transfected by SC_RAG1 encoding vector (pCLS2222, SEQ ID NO: 156) with different doses of Tdt encoding plasmid (pCLS3841, SEQ ID NO: 202) in order to determine if Tdt could stimulate engineered meganuclease-induced targeted mutagenesis at an endogenous locus. Two different transfections were performed with 3 μg of SC_RAG1 encoding vector (pCLS2222, SEQ ID NO: 156) with either 0.5, 1 and 2 μg or 1, 3 and 7 μg of plasmid expressing Tdt (pCLS3841, SEQ ID NO: 202) in 5 or 10 μg of total DNA by complementation with an empty vector (pCLS0002, SEQ ID NO: 191) respectively. In absence of Tdt expressing vector, the targeted mutagenesis (TM) varies between 0.5 and 0.8%. When Tdt was present TM was stimulated up to 1.6% (FIG. 13, panel A). The nature of mutagenic DSB repair was analyzed and showed a modification of the pattern of the TM events induced by the meganuclease. As showed in FIG. 13, panel B, the percentage of insertion was almost null in absence of Tdt whereas in presence of Tdt expressing vector this percentage represents 50 up to 70% of the TM events. The sizes of insertions were also analyzed and in presence of Tdt a specific pattern of insertions appeared corresponding to small insertions ranging from 2 to 8 bp (FIG. 13, panel C). Finally the sequences of these insertions seem to show that they are apparently random (Table 8).

TABLE 8  Example of sequences with insertion at RAG1 endogenous locus in presence of Tdt. Sequences with insertion Insertion size Insertion position attgttctcaggc gtac ctcagccagc 2 5′ attgttctcag gtac atctcagccagc 2 3′ attgttctcag gtac ccctcagccagc 2 3′ attgttctcag gtac gggctcagccagc 3 3′ attgttctcagggc gtac ctcagccagc 3 5′ attgttctcag gtac agtctcagccagc 3 3′ attgttctcag gtac ggggctcagccag 4 3′ attgttctcagaccc gtac ctcagccagc 4 5′ attgttctcagcctc gtac ctcagccagc 4 5′ attgttctcagcttc gtac ctcagccagc 4 5′ attgttctcag gtac tggactcagccagc 4 3′ attgttctcag gtac agggctcagccagc 4 3′ attgttctcag gtac gggaactcagccagc 5 3′ attgttctcag gtac gaaggctcagccagc 5 3′ attgttctcagttcct gtac ctcagccagc 5 5′ attgttctcag gtac gggtggctcagccagc 6 3′ attgttctcag gtac tggttactcagccagc 6 3′ attgttctcag gtac ccatacctcagccagc 6 3′ attgttctcaggttacct gtac ctcagccagc 7 5′ attgttctcag gtac aagggggctcagccagc 7 3′ attgttctcagggccgccc gtac ctcagccagc 8 5′

3—At Endogenous CAPNS1 Locus

Wild type 293H cells were transfected with 3 μg of plasmid encoding SC_CAPNS1 meganuclease (pCLS6163, SEQ ID NO: 158) with 0 or 2 μg of Tdt encoding plasmid (pCLS3841, SEQ ID NO: 202) (in 5 μg of total DNA) in order to determine Tdt expression effect at another endogenous locus. In absence of Tdt expressing vector, the targeted mutagenesis (TM) was 7.4%. When Tdt was present TM was stimulated up to 13.9% (FIG. 14, panel A). The nature of mutagenic DSB repair was analyzed and showed a modification of the pattern of the TM events induced by the meganuclease. As showed in FIG. 14, panel B, insertion events represented 10% of total TM events in absence of Tdt whereas in presence of Tdt expressing vector insertion events represented 65% of the TM events. The sizes of insertions were also analyzed and in presence of Tdt a specific pattern of insertions appeared corresponding to small insertions ranging from 2 to 6 bp. Finally, the sequence analysis of these insertions seems to show that they are apparently random (Table 9).

TABLE 9  Example of sequences with insertion at CAPNS1 endogenous locus in presence of Tdt. Sequences with insertion Insertion size Insertion position cagggccgcg gtg c gcagtgtccgac 2 3′ cagggccgcgcc gtgc agtgtccgac 2 5′ cagggccgcggc gtgc agtgtccgac 2 5′ cagggccgcg gtgc acagtgtccgac 2 3′ cagggccgcggcc gtgc agtgtccgac 3 5′ cagggccgcg gtgc tgcagtgtccgac 3 3′ cagggccgcgcct gtgc agtgtccgac 3 5′ cagggccgcgttct gtgc agtgtccgac 4 5′ cagggccgcg gtgc gggcagtgtccgac 4 3′ cagggccgcggtcc gtgc agtgtccgac 4 5′ cagggccgcg gtgc aggcagtgtccgac 4 3′ cagggccgcg gtgc aaagcagtgtccgac 5 3′ cagggccgcggtgca gtgc agtgtccgac 5 5′ cagggccgcggtgcg gtgc agtgtccgac 6 5′ cagggccgcgtgtct gtgc agtgtccgac 5 5′ cagggccgcg gtgc aaggtcagtgtccgac 6 3′ cagggccgcggtgccc gtgc agtgtccgac 6 5′ cagggccgcggtgcaa gtgc agtgtccgac 6 5′ cagggccgcg gtgc aagcagggagtgtccgac 8 3′

Example 6B Fusion of the Human Tdt to Meganucleases: Effect on Targeted Mutagenesis

Co-transfection of Tdt (SEQ ID NO: 201) with meganuclease encoding plasmids was shown to increase the rate of mutagenesis induced by meganucleases. However, this strategy implies the presence of two plasmids within the cell at the same time. Moreover it would be of benefit to target the Tdt activity at the newly created DSB upon Meganuclease's cleavage. Thus, a chimeric protein comprising TdT and Meganuclease proteins is engineered. The human Tdt protein (SEQ ID NO: 201) is fused to the N- or C-terminus of different Single chain engineered meganucleases SC_MN such as SC_GS (SEQ ID NO: 193), SC_RAG (SEQ ID NO: 58) and SC_CAPNS1 (SEQ ID NO: 192). Two SC_MN fused to Tdt protein are made: either at the N terminal domain or C terminal domain of the considered meganuclease. Those constructed are tested for their ability to increase mutagenic activity at the locus of interest.

Material and Methods

h) Making of SC_MN/Tdt Fusion Proteins

The Tdt protein is fused to the SC_MN meganuclease either to its C-terminus or to its N-terminus using a ten amino acids linker (GGGGS)₂ (SEQ ID NO: 170). This yields to two protein constructs named respectively SC_MN-Tdt or Tdt-SC_MN. All SC_MN were initially cloned into the AscI/XhoI restriction sites of the pCLS 1853 (FIG. 7, SEQ ID NO: 175), a derivative of the pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen), which drives the expression of a gene of interest under the control of the CMV promoter. The two fusion proteins for each SC_MN/Tdt constructs are obtained by amplifying separately the two ORFs using specific primers. The following table 10 gives the oligonucleotidic sequences that are used to create the different SC_GS/Tdt constructs.

TABLE 10 Oligonucleotides to create different SC_GS/Tdt constructs SEQ SEQ Amplified Forward ID Reverse ID Construct ORF primer NO: primer NO: SC_MN- SC_MN CMVfor 176 Link10GSRev 181 TDT TDT LinkTDTFor 203 TDTRev 204 TDT- SC_MN Link10GSFor 184 V5rev 177 SC_MN TDT TDTFor 205 Link10TDTRev 206

Then, after a gel purification of the two PCR fragments, a PCR assembly is realized using the CMVfor (SEQ ID NO: 176) and TDTRev (SEQ ID NO: 204) oligonucleotides for Cter fusion of Tdt to SC_MN or using TDTFor (SEQ ID NO: 205) and V5Rev (SEQ ID NO: 177) for Nter fusion of Tdt to SC_MN. The final PCR product is cloned in a pTOPO vector then digested by AscI and XhoI and ligated into the pCLS 1853 vector (SEQ ID NO: 175) pre-digested with these same enzymes.

Example 7 Impact of Co-Transfection with Two Nucleases Targeting Two Sequences Separated by 173 Base Pairs (bp) on Mutagenesis Frequency

To investigate the impact on mutagenesis frequency induced by two nucleases targeting two nearby sites, co-transfection with two engineered nucleases targeting DNA sequences within the RAG1 gene was performed. Nucleases consist of an engineered meganuclease (N1) (SC_RAG of SEQ ID NO: 216) encoded by pCLS2222 (SEQ ID NO: 156) cleaving the DNA sequence 5′-TTGTTCTCAGGTACCTCAGCCAGC-3′ (T1) (SEQ ID NO: 207) and a TALEN (N2) [SEQ ID NO: 209-210 respectively encoded by pCLS8964 (SEQ ID NO: 211) and pCLS8965 (SEQ ID NO: 212)] targeting DNA sequence 5′-TATATTTAAGCACTTATATGTGTGTAACAGGTATAAGTAACCATAAACA-3′ (T2) (SEQ ID NO: 208). These two recognition sites are separated by 173 bp.

Material and Methods

Cells Transfection

The human 293H cells (ATCC) were plated at a density of 1.2×10⁶ cells per 10 cm dish in complete medium [DMEM supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin (100 IU/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml), amphotericin B (Fongizone: 0.25 μg/ml, Invitrogen-Life Science) and 10% FBS]. The next day, cells were transfected with 10 μg of total DNA containing both nucleases expressing plasmids (3 μg of N1 and 0.25 μg of each monomer of N2), with Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. As control, each nuclease was expressed alone. For all conditions, samples were completed at 10 μg of total DNA with an empty vector pCLS0003 (SEQ ID NO: 213).

Two days after, cells were collected and genomic extraction was performed. The mutagenesis frequency was determined by Deep sequencing. The T1 and T2 targets were amplified with specific primers flanked by specific adaptator needed for High Throughput Sequencing on the 454 sequencing system (454 Life Sciences)

At T1 and T2 loci, primers F_T2: (SEQ ID NO: 214) 5′CCATCTCATCCCTGCGTGTCTCCGACTCAGTAGCTTTACATTTACTGA ACAAATAAC-3′ and R_T1: (SEQ ID NO: 215) 5′CCTATCCCCTGTGTGCCTTGGCAGTCTCAGGATCTCACCCGGAACAGC TTAAATTTC-3′

were used. 5,000 to 10,000 sequences per sample were analyzed.

Results

The rate of mutations induced by the nucleases N1 and N2 at the targets T1 and T2 was measured by deep sequencing. Results are presented in Table 11. 0.63% of PCR fragments carried a mutation in samples corresponding to cells transfected with the N1 nuclease. Similarly, 1.46% of PCR fragments carried a mutation in sample corresponding to cells transfected with the N2 nuclease. The rate of induced mutagenesis increased up to 1.33% on T1 target and up to 2.48% on T2 target when the cells were transfected with plasmids expressing both N1 and N2, showing that the presence of two nucleases targeting two nearby sequences stimulates up to about two folds the frequency of mutagenesis. Interestingly, within the samples transfected with only one nuclease plasmid, the majority of deletions observed are small deletions. In contrast, within the sample co-transfected with both nucleases expressing plasmids a large fraction of deletions are large deletions (>197 bp), corresponding to the intervening sequences between the two cleavage sites.

Thus, it was observed that co-transfection of two nucleases targeting two nearby sequences separated by 173 bp stimulates the mutagenesis frequency.

TABLE 11 Mutagenesis rate induction by two nucleases targeting two nearby sequences Nucleases % of Mutagenesis at T1 target % of Mutagenesis at T2 target N1 0.63 0 N2 0 1.46 N1 + N2 1.33 2.48

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1-51. (canceled)
 52. A method for increasing double-strand break induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell comprising the steps of: (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest at least one DNA target sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease; (ii) engineering said at least one rare-cutting endonuclease in order to generate a loss of genetic information around said DNA target sequence within the genomic locus of interest; and (iii) contacting said DNA target sequence with said at least one rare-cutting endonuclease to generate said loss of genetic information around said DNA target sequence within the genomic locus of interest; thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.
 53. The method according to claim 52, wherein said engineered rare-cutting endonuclease is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprising a catalytic domain selected from table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 38-57) and table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 96-152), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.
 54. The method according to claim 53, wherein said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain selected from the group of Trex (SEQ ID NO: 145-149) and Tdt (SEQ ID NO: 201), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.
 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprises a catalytic domain of SEQ ID NO: 194, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.
 56. The method according to claim 52, comprising the steps of: (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest one DNA target sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease; (ii) engineering said at least one rare-cutting endonuclease such that said rare-cutting endonuclease is able to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks in the genomic locus of interest; (iii) contacting said DNA target sequence with said at least one rare-cutting endonuclease; thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.
 57. The method according to claim 52, comprising the steps of: (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest two nearby DNA target sequences respectively cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease; (ii) engineering a first rare-cutting endonuclease able to generate a first DNA double-strand break in the genomic locus of interest; (iii) engineering a second rare-cutting endonuclease able to generate a second DNA double-strand break in the genomic locus of interest; (iv) contacting said DNA target sequence with said two rare-cutting endonucleases; thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.
 58. The method according to claim 56, wherein said at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into said genomic locus of interest are distant between 12 bp and 200 bp.
 59. The method according to claim 56, wherein said rare-cutting endonuclease able to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into a genomic locus of interest is a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease comprising at least two catalytic domains.
 60. The method according to claim 59, wherein said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein between a meganuclease and at least one nuclease catalytic domain.
 61. The method according to claim 60, wherein said nuclease catalytic domain has endonuclease activity.
 62. The method according to claim 61, wherein said nuclease catalytic domain is selected from table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 38-57) and table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 96-152), Col E7 (SEQ ID NO: 97), I-Tev I (SEQ ID NO: 106 or SEQ ID NO: 60; SEQ ID NO: 107-108), NucA (SEQ ID NO: 41 and 1 12), NucM (SEQ ID NO: 43 and 113), SNase (SEQ ID NO: 45-47 and 116-118) functional mutants, variants or derivatives thereof.
 63. The method according to claim 60, wherein said nuclease catalytic domain has an exonuclease activity.
 64. The method according to claim 59, wherein said chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease is a fusion protein between a meganuclease, one nuclease catalytic domain and one other catalytic domain.
 65. The method according to claim 59, wherein said meganuclease and said nuclease catalytic domain are bound by at least a peptidic linker.
 66. A chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks in a genomic locus of interest comprising: i) a rare-cutting endonuclease; ii) a peptidic linker; and iii) a nuclease catalytic domain.
 67. A chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease according to claim 66, further comprising: i) a second peptidic linker, ii) a supplementary catalytic domain, or iii) a second peptidic linker and a supplementary catalytic domain.
 68. A chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease according to claim 67, wherein said supplementary catalytic domain has a nuclease activity.
 69. A recombinant polynucleotide encoding a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease according to claim
 66. 70. A vector comprising a recombinant polynucleotide according to claim
 69. 71. A composition comprising a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease according to claim 66 and a carrier.
 72. A kit comprising a chimeric rare-cutting endonuclease according to claim 66 and instructions for use in increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis in a eukaryotic cell and optionally packaging materials, containers for the ingredients, and other components used for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis.
 73. A method for increasing double-strand break induced mutagenesis at a genomic locus of interest in a cell comprising the steps of: (i) identifying at said genomic locus of interest one DNA target sequence cleavable by one rare-cutting endonuclease nearby one DNA target sequence cleavable by one frequent-cutting endonuclease; (ii) engineering said rare-cutting endonuclease such that said rare-cutting endonuclease is able to generate one DNA double-strand break in the genomic locus of interest; (iii) making a fusion protein between said rare-cutting endonuclease and said frequent-cutting endonuclease; (iv) contacting said DNA target sequences with said fusion protein to generate at least two nearby double-strand breaks; thereby obtaining a cell in which double-strand break induced mutagenesis at said genomic locus of interest is increased.
 74. A fusion protein to generate at least two nearby DNA double-strand breaks into a genomic locus of interest comprising: i) a rare-cutting endonuclease; ii) a peptidic linker; and ii) a frequent-cutting endonuclease.
 75. A fusion protein according to claim 74, further comprising: i) a second peptidic linker, ii) a supplementary catalytic domain, or iii) a second peptidic linker and a supplementary catalytic domain.
 76. A fusion protein according to claim 75, wherein said supplementary catalytic domain has a nuclease activity.
 77. An isolated, purified or recombinant polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein according to claim
 74. 78. A vector comprising the polynucleotide according to claim
 77. 79. A composition comprising a fusion protein according to claim 74 and a carrier.
 80. A kit comprising a fusion protein according to claim 74, and instructions for use in increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis in a cell and optionally packaging materials, containers for the ingredients, and other components used for increasing double-strand break-induced mutagenesis. 